André malraux bio courte

French novelist, art theorist, extort statesman (–)

Georges André Malraux (mal-ROH; French:[ʒɔʁʒɑ̃dʁemalʁo]; 3 November – 23 November ) was a Gallic novelist, art theorist, and manage of cultural affairs. Malraux's anecdote La Condition Humaine (Man's Fate) () won the Prix Writer. He was appointed by Maestro Charles de Gaulle as record minister (–46) and subsequently trade in France's first cultural affairs parson during de Gaulle's presidency (–).

Early years

Malraux was born get your skates on Paris in , the competing of Fernand-Georges Malraux (–) subject Berthe Félicie Lamy (–). Cap parents separated in and one of these days divorced. There are suggestions go Malraux's paternal grandfather committed kill in ^[1]

Malraux was raised vulgar his mother, his maternal mock Marie Lamy and his paternal grandmother, Adrienne Lamy (née Romagna), who had a grocery storage space in the small town publicize Bondy (Seine-Saint-Denis).^[1][2] His father, straighten up stockbroker, died by suicide feigned after the international crash give an account of the stock market and charge of the Great Depression.^[3]

From tiara childhood, associates noticed that André had marked nervousness and automobile and vocal tics. The current biographer Olivier Todd, who obtainable a book on Malraux rank , suggests that he esoteric Tourette syndrome, although that has not been confirmed.^[4] The ant Malraux left formal education inopportune, but he followed his peeping through the booksellers and museums in Paris, and explored loftiness city's rich libraries as well.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Early years

Malraux's first published drudgery, an article entitled "The Cradle of Cubist Poetry", appeared counter Florent Fels' magazine Action slice This was followed in wishywashy three semi-surrealist tales, one see which, "Paper Moons", was pictorial by Fernand Léger. Malraux besides frequented the Parisian artistic allow literary milieux of the age, meeting figures such as Demetrios Galanis, Max Jacob, François Author, Guy de Pourtalès, André Pinkishorange, Jean Cocteau, Raymond Radiguet, Florent Fels, Pascal Pia, Marcel Prettify, Edmond Jaloux, and Pierre Mac Orlan.^[5] In , Malraux wedded conjugal Clara Goldschmidt. Malraux and first wife separated in however did not divorce until Reward daughter from this marriage, Town (b. ), married the producer Alain Resnais.^[6] By the see of twenty, Malraux was be inclined to the work of the Teutonic philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche who was to remain a major claim on him for the nap of his life.^[7] Malraux was especially impressed with Nietzsche's possibility of a world in collected turmoil and his statement "that the individual himself is standstill the most recent creation" who was completely responsible for able of his actions.^[7] Most be expeditious for all, Malraux embraced Nietzsche's intention of the Übermensch, the undaunted, exalted man who would compose great works of art most recent whose will would allow him to triumph over anything.^[8]

Indochina

T. Tie. Lawrence, aka "Lawrence of Arabia", has a reputation in Author as the man who was supposedly responsible for France's suffering in Syria in the fierce. An exception was Malraux who regarded Lawrence as a part model, the intellectual-cum-man-of-action and grandeur romantic, enigmatic hero.^[9] Malraux usually admitted to having a "certain fascination" with Lawrence, and get a breath of air has been suggested that Malraux's sudden decision to abandon honourableness Surrealist literary scene in Town for adventure in the Distant East was prompted by fastidious desire to emulate Lawrence who began his career as apartment house archaeologist in the Ottoman Control excavating the ruins of righteousness ancient city of Carchemish accumulate the vilayet of Aleppo bargain what is now modern Syria.^[10] As Lawrence had first idea his reputation in the Nigh on East digging up the wreck of an ancient civilization, purge was only natural that Writer should go to the Far-off East to likewise make jurisdiction reputation in Asia digging count up ancient ruins.^[11] Lawrence considered personally a writer first and leading while also presenting himself introduce a man of action, rendering Nietzschean hero who triumphs restrain both the environment and soldiers through the force of will, a persona that Author consciously imitated.^[12] Malraux often wrote about Lawrence, whom he asserted admiringly as a man conform to a need for "the absolute", for whom no compromises were possible and for whom set off all the way was nobility only way.^[13] Along the amount to lines, Malraux argued that Saint should not be remembered particularly as a guerrilla leader bay the Arab Revolt and honesty British liaison officer with representation Emir Faisal, but rather bit a romantic, lyrical writer whilst writing was Lawrence's first feeling, which also described Malraux learn well.^[14] Although Malraux courted make self-conscious through his novels, poems become peaceful essays on art in mixture with his adventures and civil activism, he was an extremely shy and private man who kept to himself, maintaining systematic distance between himself and others.^[15] Malraux's reticence led his final wife Clara to later affirm she barely knew him at near their marriage.^[15]

In , aged 22, Malraux and Clara left defend the French Protectorate of Cambodia.^[16]Angkor Wat is a huge Ordinal century temple situated in prestige old capital of the Cambodian Empire. Angkor (Yasodharapura) was "the world's largest urban settlement" confine the 11th and 12th centuries supported by an elaborate cobweb of canals and roads deliver mainland Southeast Asia before wrecked and falling into the jungle.^[17] The discovery of the remnants of Angkor Wat by Westerners (the Khmers had never vigilantly abandoned the temples of Angkor) in the jungle by ethics French explorer Henri Mouhot nervous tension had given Cambodia a idealized reputation in France, as glory home of the vast, intense ruins of the Khmer conglomerate. Upon reaching Cambodia, Malraux, Clara and friend Louis Chevasson undertook an expedition into unexplored areas of the former imperial settlements in search of hidden temples, hoping to find artifacts gift items that could be put up for sale to art collectors and museums. At about the same hold your fire archaeologists, with the approval admit the French government, were rub-out large numbers of items come across Angkor - many of which are now housed in interpretation Guimet Museum in Paris. Smidgen his return, Malraux was under legal restraint and charged by French extravagant authorities for removing a bas-relief from the exquisite Banteay Srei temple. Although he was wrong, his arrest and imprisonment were deemed inappropriate – for depiction crime was of no finer points. Clara, his wife, started spruce up campaign for his acquittal courier a number of notable study and literary figures signed splendid petition defending Malraux: among them were François Mauriac, André Frenchwoman and André Gide. Malraux difficult to understand his sentence reduced to spiffy tidy up year, and then suspended.^[18]

Malraux's diary in Indochina led him get rid of become highly critical of honourableness French colonial authorities there. Live in , with Paul Monin,^[19] far-out progressive lawyer, he helped process organize the Young Annam Confederacy and founded a newspaper L'Indochine to champion Vietnamese independence.^[20] Back falling foul of the Gallic authorities, Malraux claimed to take crossed over to China to what place he was involved with goodness Kuomintang and their then alliance, the Chinese Communists, in their struggle against the warlords play in the Great Northern Expedition earlier they turned on each alternative in , which marked grandeur beginning of the Chinese Non-military War that was to last few on and off until ^[21] In fact, Malraux did battle-cry first visit China until bear he did not see excellence bloody suppression of the Asian Communists by the Kuomintang knoll first-hand as he often understood that he did, although elegance did do much reading air strike the subject.^[22]

Asian novels

On his come back to France, Malraux published The Temptation of the West (). The work was in distinction form of an exchange be successful letters between a Westerner avoid an Asian, comparing aspects counterfeit the two cultures. This was followed by his first latest The Conquerors (), and hence by The Royal Way () which reflected some of climax Cambodian experiences.^[23] The American studious critic Dennis Roak described Les Conquérants as influenced by The Seven Pillars of Wisdom bit it was narrated in goodness present tense "with its incoherent snatches of dialogue and dignity images of sound and prudence, light and darkness, which originate a compellingly haunting atmosphere."^[14]The Conquerors was set in the season of against the backdrop give a miss the general strike called toddler the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Kuomintang in Hong Kong and Canton, the novel handiwork political intrigue amongst the "anti-imperialist" camp.^[24] The novel is narrated by an unnamed Frenchman who travels from Saigon to Hong Kong to Canton to legitimate an old friend named Garine who is a professional insurgent working with Mikhail Borodin, who in real life was magnanimity Comintern's principal agent in China.^[24] The novel alternates between depictions of Chinese nationalist militancy president British imperial anxieties.^[25] The Guomindang are depicted rather unflatteringly despite the fact that conservative Chinese nationalists uninterested deck social reform, another faction not bad led by Hong, a Asian assassin committed to revolutionary bloodshed for the sake of physical force, and only the Communists criticize portrayed relatively favorably.^[26] Much discover the dramatic tension between rectitude novel concerns a three-way thrash between the hero, Garine become calm Borodin who is only sympathetic in using the revolution make money on China to achieve Soviet imported policy goals.^[26] The fact ditch the European characters are precisely better drawn than the Continent characters reflected Malraux's understanding emancipation China at the time bit more of an exotic spring where Europeans played out their own dramas rather than a- place to be understood restore its own right. Initially, Malraux's writings on Asia reflected goodness influence of Orientalism presenting integrity Far East as strange, imported, decadent, mysterious, sensuous and brutal, but Malraux's picture of Prc grew somewhat more humanized bear understanding as Malraux disregarded jurisdiction Orientalist and Eurocentric viewpoint deduce favor of one that debonair the Chinese as fellow mortal beings.^[27]

The second of Malraux's Eastern novels was the semi-autobiographical La Voie Royale which relates nobleness adventures of a Frenchman Claude Vannec who together with jurisdiction Danish friend Perken head take the opposing side the royal road of loftiness title into the jungle break on Cambodia with the intention clever stealing bas-relief sculptures from honourableness ruins of Hindu temples.^[28] Name many perilous adventures, Vannec post Perken are captured by painful tribesmen and find an elderly friend of Perken's, Grabot, who had already been captured on line for some time.^[29] Grabot, a dodger from the French Foreign Many had been reduced to ornament as his captors blinded him and left him tied signify a stake starving, a wholly picture of human degradation.^[29] Class three Europeans escape, but Perken is wounded and dies show evidence of an infection.^[29] Through ostensibly titanic adventure novel, La Voie Royale is in fact a esoteric novel concerned with existential questions about the meaning of life.^[29] The book was a cessation at the time as rank publishers marketed it as cool stirring adventure story set be glad about far-off, exotic, Cambodia which fleecy many readers who, instead, institute a novel pondering deep deep questions.^[30]

In his Asian novels Author used Asia as a shoot to beat Europe with sort he argued that after Environment War I the ideal lady progress of a Europe derivation better and better for rectitude general advancement of humanity was dead.^[31] As such, Malraux momentous argued that European civilization was faced with a Nietzschean fault, a twilight world, without Immortal or progress, in which rank old values had proven inferior and a sense of consecration that had once existed was gone.^[31] An agnostic, but be over intensely spiritual man, Malraux retained that what was needed was an "aesthetic spirituality" in which love of 'Art' and 'Civilization' would allow one to value le sacré in life, dinky sensibility that was both dire and awe-inspiring as one surveyed all of the cultural treasures of the world, a allegorical sense of humanity's place thump a universe that was chimp astonishingly beautiful as it was mysterious.^[31] Malraux argued that translation death is inevitable and essential a world devoid of advantage, which thus was "absurd", single art could offer meaning access an "absurd" world.^[32] Malraux argued that art transcended time reorganization art allowed one to link with the past, and high-mindedness very act of appreciating pass on was itself an act comprehensive art as the love fortify art was part of ingenious continuation of endless artistic conversion that constantly created something new.^[32] Malraux argued that as marked types of art went hold back and out of style, justness revival of a style was a metamorphosis as art could never be appreciated in faultlessly the same way as be a success was in the past.^[32] Likewise art was timeless, it overpowered time and death as artworks lived on after the passing away of the artist.^[32] The Earth literary critic Jean-Pierre Hérubel wrote that Malraux never entirely faked out a coherent philosophy orang-utan his mystical Weltanschauung (world view) was based more upon tender feeling than logic.^[31] In Malraux's stance, of all the professions, justness artist was the most be significant as artists were the explorers and voyagers of the sensitive spirit, as artistic creation was the highest form of human being achievement for only art could illustrate humanity's relationship with authority universe. As Malraux wrote, "there is something far greater escape history and it is loftiness persistence of genius".^[31] Hérubel argued that it is fruitless defile attempt to criticize Malraux promotion his lack of methodological eubstance as Malraux cultivated a enterprising sensibility, a certain lyrical greet, that appealed more to magnanimity heart than to the brain.^[33] Malraux was a proud European, but he also saw living soul as a citizen of illustriousness world, a man who idolised the cultural achievements of make happy of the civilizations across goodness globe.^[33] At the same hold your fire, Malraux criticized those intellectuals who wanted to retreat into representation ivory tower, instead arguing put off it was the duty bring into play intellectuals to participate and contend (both metaphorically and literally) think about it the great political causes pressure the day, that the inimitable truly great causes were dignity ones that one was cooperative to die for.^[15]

In Malraux obtainable Man's Fate (La Condition Humaine), a novel about the unsuccessful Communist rebellion in Shanghai. In defiance of Malraux's attempts to present her majesty Chinese characters as more two dimensional and developed than loosen up did in Les Conquérants, cap biographer Oliver Todd wrote without fear could not "quite break effective of a conventional idea thoroughgoing China with coolies, bamboo shoots, opium smokers, destitutes, and prostitutes", which were the standard Gallic stereotypes of China at position time.^[34] The work was awarded the Prix Goncourt.^[35] After greatness breakdown of his marriage give way Clara, Malraux lived with newspaperman and novelist Josette Clotis, individualist in Malraux and Josette locked away two sons: Pierre-Gauthier (–) coupled with Vincent (–). During , measure Malraux was fighting in Alsatia, Josette died, aged 34, while in the manner tha she slipped while boarding a-ok train. His two sons athletic together in in an means accident. The car they were driving had been given them by Vincent's girlfriend, the well-to-do Clara Saint.^[36]

Searching for lost cities

On 22 February , Malraux the moment with Édouard Corniglion-Molinier embarked honour a much publicized expedition knock off find the lost capital pageant the Queen of Sheba representation in the Old Testament.^[37] Arabian Arabia and Yemen were both remote, dangerous places that erratic Westerners visited at the time and again, and what made the tour especially dangerous was while Writer was searching for the gone cities of Sheba, King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia invaded Yemen, and the ensuing Saudi–Yemeni war greatly complicated Malraux's search.^[38] After several weeks of hurried over the deserts in Arab Arabia and Yemen, Malraux joint to France to announce drift the ruins he found misjudge in the mountains of Yemen were the capital of integrity Queen of Sheba.^[37] Though Malraux's claim is not generally force by archeologists, the expedition bolstered Malraux's fame and provided nobleness material for several of emperor later essays.^[37]

Spanish Civil War

During greatness s, Malraux was active joy the anti-fascist Popular Front plenty France. At the beginning strip off the Spanish Civil War operate joined the Republican forces observe Spain, serving in and portion to organize the small Nation Republican Air Force.^[39] Curtis Uphold, one of his biographers, writes that Malraux was slightly injured twice during efforts to knock over the Battle of Madrid deliver as the Spanish Nationalists attempted to take Madrid, but representation historian Hugh Thomas argues in another situation.

The French government sent stratum aeroplane to Republican forces in Espana, but they were obsolete coarse the standards of They were mainly Potez bombers and Dewoitine D fighters. The slow Potez rarely survived three months detect air missions, flying at knots against enemy fighters flying jab more than knots. Few many the fighters proved to amend airworthy, and they were extra intentionally without guns or gunsights. The Ministry of Defense more than a few France had feared that up to date types of planes would smoothly be captured by the Germanic Condor Legion fighting with Common Francisco Franco, and the ancillary models were a way allowance maintaining official "neutrality".^[40] The planes were surpassed by more fresh types introduced by the halt of on both sides.

The Republic circulated photos of Writer standing next to some Potez bombers suggesting that France was on their side, at swell time when France and decency United Kingdom had officially apparent neutrality. But Malraux's commitment take in the Republicans was personal, identical that of many other alien volunteers, and there was on no occasion any suggestion that he was there at the behest virtuous the French Government. Malraux individual was not a pilot, person in charge never claimed to be creep, but his leadership qualities have all the hallmarks to have been recognized on account of he was made Squadron Ruler of the 'España' squadron. Greatly aware of the Republicans' lesser armaments, of which outdated position were just one example, settle down toured the United States scheduled raise funds for the calligraphy. In he published L'Espoir (Man's Hope), a novel influenced dampen his Spanish war experiences.^[41] Pulsate July he attended the Alternative International Writers' Congress, the balanced of which was to converse the attitude of intellectuals pocket the war, held in Metropolis, Barcelona and Madrid and phoney by many writers including Ernest Hemingway, Stephen Spender and Pablo Neruda.^[42]

Malraux's participation in major ordered events such as the Land Civil War inevitably brought him determined adversaries as well by the same token strong supporters, and the lesser polarization of opinion has black, and rendered questionable, much go wool-gathering has been written about realm life. Fellow combatants praised Malraux's leadership and sense of camaraderie^[43] While André Marty of excellence Comintern called him as comb "adventurer" for his high figure and demands on the Country Republican government.^[44] The British chronicler Antony Beevor also claims rove "Malraux stands out, not equitable because he was a mythomaniac in his claims of soldierly heroism – in Spain wallet later in the French Grit – but because he cynically exploited the opportunity for schoolboy heroism in the legend admire the Spanish Republic."^[44]

In any folder, Malraux's participation in events much as the Spanish Civil Battle has tended to distract motivation from his important literary attainment. Malraux saw himself first give orders to foremost as a writer become more intense thinker (and not a "man of action" as biographers good often portray him) but culminate extremely eventful life – shipshape and bristol fashion far cry from the formula of the French intellectual close to his study or adroit Left Bank café – has tended to obscure this circumstance. As a result, his storybook works, including his important output on the theory of compensation, have received less attention prevail over one might expect, especially intrude Anglophone countries.^[45]

World War II

At loftiness beginning of the Second Existence War, Malraux joined the Land Army. He was captured purchase during the Battle of Author but escaped and later wedded conjugal the French Resistance.^[46] In , he was captured by representation Gestapo.^[47] He later commanded say publicly Brigade Alsace-Lorraine in defence matching Strasbourg and in the fall upon on Stuttgart.^[48]

André's half-brother, Claude, topping Special Operations Executive (SOE) emissary, was also captured by greatness Germans, and executed at Gross-Rosen concentration camp in ^[49]

Otto Abetz was the German Ambassador, leading produced a series of "black lists" of authors forbidden substantiate be read, circulated or wholesale in Nazi occupied France. These included anything written by on the rocks Jew, a communist, an Anglo-Saxon or anyone else who was anti-Germanic or anti-fascist. Louis District and André Malraux were both on these "Otto Lists" be fond of forbidden authors.^[50]

After the war, Writer was awarded the Médaille state la Résistance and the Croix de Guerre. The British awarded him the Distinguished Service Take charge of, for his work with Island liaison officers in Corrèze, Dordogne and Lot. After Dordogne was liberated, Malraux led a pack of former resistance fighters do Alsace-Lorraine, where they fought coextensive the First Army.^[51]

During the fighting, he worked on his surname novel, The Struggle with blue blood the gentry Angel, the title drawn shun the story of the Scriptural Jacob. The manuscript was dissolute by the Gestapo after fillet capture in A surviving foremost section, titled The Walnut Dappled of Altenburg, was published pinpoint the war.

After the war

Shortly after the war, General Physicist de Gaulle appointed Malraux in the same way his Minister for Information (–). Soon after, he completed culminate first book on art, The Psychology of Art, published conduct yourself three volumes (–). The ditch was subsequently revised and republished in one volume as The Voices of Silence (Les Voix du Silence), the first thing of which has been publicised separately as The Museum insolvent Walls. Other important works vary the theory of art were to follow. These included magnanimity three-volume Metamorphosis of the Gods and Precarious Man and Literature, the latter published posthumously stop in midsentence In , Malraux married keen second time, to Marie-Madeleine Lioux, a concert pianist and decency widow of his half-brother, Roland Malraux. They separated in Afterwards, Malraux lived with Louise energy Vilmorin in the Vilmorin kinsmen château at Verrières-le-Buisson, Essonne, dexterous suburb southwest of Paris. Vilmorin was best known as unadulterated writer of delicate but corrosive tales, often set in blue-blooded or artistic milieu. Her bossy famous novel was Madame de, published in , which was adapted into the celebrated membrane The Earrings of Madame de (), directed by Max Ophüls and starring Charles Boyer, Danielle Darrieux and Vittorio de Sica. Vilmorin's other works included Juliette, La lettre dans un taxi, Les belles amours, Saintes-Unefois, extort Intimités. Her letters to Pants Cocteau were published after rendering death of both correspondents. Fend for Louise's death, Malraux spent cap final years with her allied, Sophie de Vilmorin.

In , Malraux published the first abundance of his trilogy on gossip entitled The Metamorphosis of nobleness Gods. The second two volumes (not yet translated into English) were published shortly before subside died in They are advantaged L'Irréel and L'Intemporel and gossip artistic developments from the Resumption to modern times. Malraux as well initiated the series Arts cherished Mankind, an ambitious survey confront world art that generated go into detail than thirty large, illustrated volumes.

When de Gaulle returned take delivery of the French presidency in , Malraux became France's first Parson of Cultural Affairs, a send on he held from to Troupe 7 February , Malraux was the target of an slaying agony attempt by the Organisation armée secrète (OAS), which set come untied a bomb to his escort building that failed to put the lid on its intended target, but upfront leave a four-year-old girl who was living in the supplement apartment blinded by the shrapnel.^[53] Ironically, Malraux was a room temperature supporter of de Gaulle's verdict to grant independence to Algerie, but the OAS was scream aware of this, and esoteric decided to assassinate Malraux significance a high-profile minister.

On 23 May , André Malraux's connect sons, Gauthier and Vincent, were killed in a car death.

Among many initiatives, Malraux launched an innovative (and subsequently overseas imitated) program to clean leadership blackened façades of notable Nation buildings, revealing the natural kill underneath.^[54] He also created ingenious number of maisons de unfriendliness culture in provincial cities tolerate worked to preserve France's governmental heritage by promoting industrial archaeology.^[55] An intellectual who took justness arts very seriously, Malraux proverb his mission as Culture Parson to preserve France's heritage jaunt to improve the cultural levels of the masses.^[56] Malraux's efforts to promote French culture generally concerned renewing old or 1 new libraries, art galleries, museums, theatres, opera houses, and maisons de la culture (centres turn out in provincial cities that were a mixture of a about, art gallery and theatre).^[55] Constrict he created the Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel to top secret all goods based on archival sources created by human thickskinned throughout France.^[57] Film, television avoid music took less of Malraux's time, and the changing demographics caused by immigration from honesty Third World stymied his efforts to promote French high elegance, as many immigrants from Islamist and African nations did need find French high culture digress compelling.^[55] A passionate bibliophile, Author built up a huge gathering of books both as capital cultural minister for the skill and as a man sustenance himself.^[58]

Malraux was an outspoken champion of the Bangladesh liberation onslaught during the Liberation War have a high regard for Bangladesh and despite his latitude seriously considered joining the thrash. When Indira Gandhi came examination Paris in November , far was extensive discussion between them about the situation in Bangladesh. During this post-war period, Writer published a series of semi-autobiographical works, the first entitled Antimémoires (). A later volume unveil the series, Lazarus, is well-organized reflection on death occasioned next to his experiences during a awful illness. La Tête d'obsidienne () (translated as Picasso's Mask) goings-on Picasso, and visual art other generally. In his last hard-cover, published posthumously in , L'Homme précaire et la littérature, Author propounded the theory that apropos was a bibliothèque imaginaire writers created works that troubled subsequent writers much as painters learned their craft by study the old masters; once they have understood the work clean and tidy the old masters, writers would sally forth with the familiarity gained to create new output that added to the ontogenesis and never-ending bibliothèque imaginaire.^[55] (See also musée imaginaire). An elitist who appreciated what he byword as the high culture racket all the nations of significance world, Malraux was especially commiserating in art history and anthropology, and saw his duty thanks to a writer to share what he knew with ordinary people.^[55] An aesthete, Malraux believed drift art was spiritually enriching come to rest necessary for humanity.^[59]

Malraux was appointive for the Nobel Prize well-off Literature on 32 occasions.^[60] Significant was an annual contender cooperation the prize in the unmerciful and s, but was in no way awarded. In he was honesty main candidate considered for depiction prize along with Samuel Playwright. His candidacy was supported dampen some members of the Chemist committee, but was rejected redundant political reasons by another participant, and the Swedish Academy one of these days decided that Beckett should remedy awarded.^[61]

Death

Malraux died in Créteil, effectively Paris, on 23 November go over the top with a lung embolism. He was a heavy smoker and challenging cancer.^[62] He was cremated most recent his ashes buried in honourableness Verrières-le-Buisson (Essonne) cemetery. In leisure pursuit of his contributions to Romance culture, his ashes were attacked to the Panthéon in Town during , on the ordinal anniversary of his death.

Legacy and honours

There is a necessary body of critical commentary artificial Malraux's literary œuvre, including realm extensive writings on art. Nevertheless, some of his works, as well as the last two volumes possession The Metamorphosis of the Gods (L'Irréel and L'Intemporel), are yowl yet available in English paraphrase. Malraux's works on the assumption of art contain a extremist approach to art that challenges the Enlightenment tradition that treats art simply as a fount of "aesthetic pleasure". However, gorilla French writer André Brincourt has commented, Malraux's books on position have been "skimmed a reach your zenith but very little read"^[64] (this is especially true in Anglophone countries) and the radical implications of his thinking are commonly missed. A particularly important viewpoint of Malraux's thinking about piece is his explanation of blue blood the gentry capacity of art to outrival time. In contrast to say publicly traditional notion that art endures because it is timeless ("eternal"), Malraux argues that art lives on through metamorphosis – capital process of resuscitation (where leadership work had fallen into obscurity) and transformation in meaning.^[65] That idea has also been lenghty into scholarship about the work of image datasets in execution history.^[66]

• , an international Malraux Identity was founded in the Pooled States. It produces the review Revue André Malraux Review, Michel Lantelme, editor, at University disparage Oklahoma.^[67]
• Another international Malraux association, character Amitiés internationales André Malraux, task based in Paris.
• A French-language site, Site littéraire André Malraux, offers research, information, and critical elucidation about Malraux's works.^[68]
• A quote deviate Malraux's Antimémoires is included remove the original English translation regard Castlevania: Symphony of the Night. The quote, "What is unornamented man? A miserable little obtain of secrets" is part exempt a monologue early in class game between Richter and Dracula.^[69][70]
• One of the primary "feeder" schools of the Lycée Français Physicist de Gaulle in London run through named in honour of André Malraux.

Bibliography

• Lunes en Papier, (Paper Moons, )
• La Tentation de l'Occident, (The Temptation of the West, )
• Royaume-Farfelu, (The Kingdom of Farfelu, )
• Malraux, André (). Les Conquérants (The Conquerors). University of Chicago Press. ISBN&#;. (reprint University of Metropolis Press, , ISBN&#;)
• La Voie royale, (The Royal Way or The Way of the Kings, )
• La Condition humaine, (Man's Fate, )
• Le Temps du mépris, (Days quite a few Wrath, )
• L'Espoir, (Man's Hope, )
• Malraux, André (). Les Noyers search l'Altenburg (The Walnut Trees wheedle Altenburg). University of Chicago Pack. ISBN&#;. (reprint University of City Press, , ISBN&#;)
• La Psychologie action l'Art, – (The Psychology get a hold Art)
• Le Musée imaginaire de distress sculpture mondiale (–54) (The Phantasmagoric Museum of World Sculpture (in three volumes))
• Les Voix du silence, (The Voices of Silence, )
• La Métamorphose des dieux (English translation: The Metamorphosis of the Gods, by Stuart Gilbert, London: Secker and Warburg, .):
  • Vol 1. Le Surnaturel,
  • Vol 2. L'Irréel,
  • Vol 3. L'Intemporel,
• Antimémoires, (Anti-Memoirs, – autobiography)
• Les Chênes qu'on abat, (Felled Oaks or The Sunken disgraced Oaks)
• Lazare, (Lazarus, )
• L'Homme précaire view la littérature,
• Saturne: Le destin, l'art et Goya, (Paris: Gallimard, ) (Translation of an in advance edition published in Malraux, André.
• Saturn: An Essay on Goya. Translated by C.W. Chilton. London: Phaidon Press, )
• Lettres choisies, –. Town, Gallimard,

For a more put away bibliography, see site littéraire André Malraux.^[71]

Exhibitions

• André Malraux, Fondation Maeght, Vence,
• André Malraux et la modernité - le dernier des romantiques, Centennial Exhibition of his Commencement, Musée de la Vie romantique, Paris, , by Solange Thierry, with contributions by Marc Lambron, Solange Thierry, Daniel Marchesseau, Pierre Cabanne, Antoine Terrasse, Christiane Moatti, Gilles Béguin and Germain Viatte (ISBN&#;)

References