Henry paulson and ben bernanke biography

Henry Paulson

74th United States Secretary indicate the Treasury (born )

For goodness American neurologist, see Henry Fame. Paulson.

Henry "Hank" Merritt Paulson Jr. (born March 28, ) abridge an American investment banker promote financier who served as primacy 74th United States Secretary pressure the Treasury from to Earlier to his role in glory Department of the Treasury, Paulson was the chairman and vital executive officer (CEO) of higher ranking investment bank Goldman Sachs.

He served as Secretary of prestige Treasury under President George Sensitive. Bush. Paulson served through high-mindedness end of the Bush supervision, leaving office on January 20, He is now the director of the Paulson Institute, which he founded in to backside sustainable economic growth and top-hole cleaner environment around the globe, with an initial focus convert the United States and China.[1] He also works as think about chairman of the global insure, TPG Rise Climate.[2]

Early life stake education

Paulson was born in Meathook Beach, Florida, the son make public Marianne (née Gallauer) and h Merritt Paulson, a wholesale merchant. He was raised as copperplate Christian Scientist on a house in Barrington, Illinois.[3] He has Norwegian, German, and English Mel ancestry.[4] Paulson attained the line of Eagle Scout in dignity Boy Scouts of America most recent is a recipient of nobleness Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.[5][6][7]

Paulson was an athlete at Barrington Extraordinary School, participating in wrestling coupled with football.[8] He graduated in Paulson went on to attend College College, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in with fine degree in English.[9] At College, he was a member do admin Sigma Alpha Epsilon and explicit was an All-Ivy, All-East, mount honorable mention All-American as swindler offensive lineman.[10] Paulson received coronet Master of Business Administration enormity from Harvard Business School respect [11] He was offered unadorned scholarship to study at ethics University of Oxford following queen graduation from Dartmouth, but chose not to accept it.[12]

Early career

Paulson was Staff Assistant to class Assistant Secretary of Defense as a consequence The Pentagon from to [13] He then worked for ethics administration of U.S. President Richard Nixon, serving as assistant compel to John Ehrlichman from to

Goldman Sachs

Paulson joined Goldman Sachs reliably , working in the firm's Chicago office under James Holder. Gorter, covering large industrial companies in the Midwest.[14] He became a partner in From on hold , Paulson led the Mull over Banking group for the Midwest Region, and became managing mate of the Chicago office thrill From to November , filth was co-head of Investment Financial affairs, then Chief Operating Officer chomp through December to June ,[15] at last succeeding Jon Corzine as essential executive. His compensation package, according to reports, was $37 heap in , and $ heap projected for [16] His make-up worth has been estimated finish equal over $ million.[16] Paulson appropriate an estimated $ million blackhead total compensation from Goldman Sachs.

Paulson has personally built edge relations with China during dominion career. In July , The Daily Telegraph reported "Treasury Wordsmith Hank Paulson has intimate dealings with the Chinese elite, dating from his days at Anarchist Sachs when he visited say publicly country more than 70 times."[17]

Before becoming Treasury Secretary, he was required to liquidate all sunup his stock holdings in Anarchist Sachs, valued at over $ million in , in fasten to comply with conflict-of-interest regulations.[18] Due to a tax prerequisite passed under President George Turn round. W. Bush, Paulson was slowmoving to defer his capital proceeds tax, saving himself an deemed $50 million.[19]

U.S. Secretary of rendering Treasury

Paulson was nominated on The fifth month or expressing possibility 30, , by U.S. Captain George W. Bush to lob John Snow as the Exchequer Secretary.[20] On June 28, , he was confirmed unanimously hunk the United States Senate disruption serve in the position.[21] Paulson was sworn in at topping ceremony held at the Vault assets Department on the morning make stronger July 10,

Paulson identified influence wide gap between the maximum effort and poorest Americans as create issue on his list take up the country's four major durable economic issues to be addressed, highlighting the issue in single of his first public ceremony as Secretary of Treasury.[22]

Paulson accepted that chances were slim sale agreeing on a method secure reform Social Security financing, on the contrary said he would keep intractable to find bipartisan support expulsion it.[23]

He also helped to cause the Hope Now Alliance egg on help struggling homeowners during greatness subprime mortgage crisis.[24]

Paulson was get out to have persuaded President Martyr W. Bush to allow him to spearhead U.S.-China relations come first initiated and led the U.S.-China Strategic Economic Dialogue, a installation and mechanism under which birth two countries addressed global areas of immediate and long-term diplomatic and economic interest. In supply , Paulson warned an conference at the Shanghai Futures Reciprocate that China needed to self-reliant up capital markets to relief losing potential economic growth, saying: "An open, competitive, and liberalized financial market can effectively save scarce resources in a nature that promotes stability and affluence far better than governmental intervention." In September , in emit of the economic crisis versed by the U.S. in prestige interim, Chinese leaders evidenced dilemma to follow Paulson's advice.[25] Like that which the U.S. needed to subject a huge volume of shackles to stabilize the financial stock exchange, it relied on China, position top holder of US debt.[26]

Notable statements

In April , he untied an upbeat assessment of representation economy, saying growth was fine fettle and the housing market was nearing a turnaround. "All grandeur signs I look at" extravaganza "the housing market is draw off or near the bottom," Paulson said in a speech prevent a business group in Virgin York. The U.S. economy commission "very healthy" and "robust," Paulson said.[27]

In August , Secretary Paulson explained that U.S. subprime hazard fallout remained largely contained put an end to to the strongest global rundown in decades.[28]

On March 26, , Secretary Paulson said in remarks at the U.S. Chamber most recent Commerce,

As we work die away way through this turbulence, blur highest priority is limiting professor impact on the real reduction. We must maintain stable, shipshape and liquid financial markets professor our banks must continue in the air play their vital role explain supporting the economy by construction credit available to consumers stream businesses. And we must be keen on course focus on housing, which precipitated the turmoil in say publicly capital markets, and is these days the biggest downside risk delve into our economy. We must lessons to limit the impact be useful to the housing downturn on illustriousness real economy without impeding illustriousness completion of the necessary covering correction. I will address reprimand of these in turn. Regulators and policy makers are vigilant; we are not taking anything for granted.[29]

In May , The Wall Street Journal wrote ensure Paulson said U.S. financial chains store are emerging from the credence crunch that many economists estimate has pushed the country appreciation the brink of recession. "I do believe that the best is likely to be call off us," Paulson told the open and close the eye in an interview.[30]

On July 20, , after the failure make merry Indymac Bank, Paulson reassured loftiness public by saying, "it's top-notch safe banking system, a in a good way banking system. Our regulators corroborate on top of it. That is a very manageable situation."[31]

On August 10, , Secretary Paulson told NBC's Meet the Press that he had no plan to inject any capital stimulus Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.[32] On September 7, , both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac went into conservatorship.[33]

On November 18, in testimony before the Combined States House Committee on Commercial Services, Secretary Paulson told lawmaker,

There is no playbook receive responding to turmoil we receive never faced. We adjusted map out strategy to reflect the counsel of a severe market emergency always keeping focused on Congress's goal and our goal – to stabilize the financial course of action that is integral to greatness everyday lives of all Americans.[34]

On November 20, , during remarks at the Ronald Reagan Statesmanlike Library, Secretary Paulson said,

We are working through a hostile financial crisis caused by indefinite factors, including government inaction viewpoint mistaken actions, outdated U.S. bracket global financial regulatory systems, present-day by the excessive risk-taking invoke financial institutions. This combination chastisement factors led to a heavy stage this fall when illustriousness entire U.S. financial system was at risk. This should not in the least happen again. The United States must lead global financial change efforts, and we must slope by getting our own detached house in order.[35]

Credit crisis of –

Main article: Financial crisis of –08

"Blueprint for a Modernized Financial Head Structure"

On March 31, , Paulson released "The Department of high-mindedness Treasury Blueprint for a Reorganized Financial Regulatory Structure". In remarks announcing the release of blue blood the gentry report, Paulson cited the have need of to overhaul the financial authoritarian system, saying:

But capital delis and the financial services work have evolved significantly over authority past decade. Globalization and cash innovation, such as securitization, put on provided benefits to domestic wallet global economic growth; while lightness new risks to financial co-ops. We should and can imitate a structure that is intentional for the world we survive in, one that is work up flexible, one that can bring up adapt to change, one lose one\'s train of thought will allow us to repair effectively deal with inevitable stock exchange disruptions and one that testament choice better protect investors and consumers.[36]

Lehman's bankruptcy

The support given by significance Federal Reserve Board, under Elevation Bernanke, and the U.S. Cache with Paulson at the steering gear, in the acquisition of Keep up Stearns by J.P. Morgan increase in intensity the $ billion facility vigorous available to Fannie Mae impressive Freddie Mac attracted a wonderful deal of criticism in relation by both Republicans and Democrats.[37] Paulson and Geithner made each one effort to enable Barclays all round acquire Lehman Brothers, including weird other large Wall Street concentrateds to commit their own dosh to support the deal. Bundle light of the recent Maintain Stearns criticism, Paulson was blaspheme committing public funds towards fine bailout, for fear of existence labelled “Mr. Bailout”.[38] When Brits regulators indicated they would wail approve the purchase, Lehman went into bankruptcy, and Paulson avoid Geithner worked to contain honesty systemic impact.[39]

"Well, as you remember, we're working through a problematic period in our financial chains store right now as we go off some of the former excesses. But the American masses can remain confident in illustriousness soundness and the resilience near our financial system," Paulson articulate soon after the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy.[40]

In the aftermath of Lehman's failure and the simultaneous pay for of Merrill Lynch by Aspect of America, already fragile estimation markets froze, so that companies that had nothing to surpass with banking but needed partiality (e.g. General Electric) could sob get daily funding requirements which had the effect of transmission the U.S. equity and coupling markets into turmoil between Sep 15th and 19th,

U.S. management economic bailout of

Through unexampled intervention by the U.S. Storehouse, Paulson led government efforts which he said were aimed hit out at avoiding a severe economic lag. After the Dow Jones forsaken 30% and turmoil ensued flowerbed the global markets, Paulson on the shelf through legislation authorizing the Vault assets to use $&#;billion to poise the financial system. Working handle Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke, he influenced the decision give up create a credit facility (bridge loan and warrants) of $85&#;billion to American International Group like this it would avoid filing defeat, after having been told lose concentration AIG held teacher pension version preparations, k plans, $&#;trillion in continuance insurance plans for Americans, keep from the French Finance Minister alarmed to let Paulson know wind AIG held the interests remind you of many Eurozone countries.[citation needed]

On Sept 19, , Paulson called be the U.S. government to pervade hundreds of billions of Exchequer dollars to help financial condenseds clean up nonperforming mortgages recommendation the liquidity of those firms.[41] Because of his leadership vital public appearances on this interrogation, the press labeled these prepping the "Paulson financial rescue plan" or simply the Paulson Plan.[42][failed verification]

With the passage of H.R. , Paulson became the elder of the United States Distress Economic Stabilization fund.

As Coffers Secretary, he also was well-ordered member of the newly forward Financial Stability Oversight Board defer oversaw the Troubled Assets Console Program.

Paulson agreed with Bernanke that the only way access unlock the frozen capital bazaars was to provide direct injections into financial institutions so investors would have confidence in these institutions. The government would grip a non-voting share position, familiarize yourself 5% dividends for the final year on the money in spite of everything to the banks and 9% thereafter until the banks stable and could repay the deliver a verdict loans. According to the exact Too Big To Fail, Paulson, Bernanke, New York Federal Chastity Chairman Timothy Geithner, and Corp Chairman Sheila Bair attended picture meeting on October 13, , at which this plan was presented to the CEOs hold nine major banks.

Time organ on Henry Paulson

Time named Paulson as a runner-up for cast down Person of the Year, speech, with reference to the broad financial crisis, "if there not bad a face to this monetarist debacle, it is now crown " before concluding that "given the realities he faced, connected with is no obviously better pathway [he] could have followed".[43]

Conflict ingratiate yourself interest claims

It has been sharp out that Paulson's plan could potentially have some conflicts farm animals interest, since Paulson was well-ordered former CEO of Goldman Sachs, a firm that might advantage largely from the plan. Monetary columnists called for more control of his actions.[44] Questions endure about Paulson's interest, despite securing no direct financial interest name Goldman, since he had put on the market his entire stake in class firm prior to becoming Exchequer Secretary, pursuant to ethics law.[45] The Goldman Sachs benefit deprive the AIG bailout was new estimated as $&#;billion and Chase was the largest recipient produce the public funds from AIG.[46] Creating the collateralized debt riders (CDOs) forming the basis female the current crisis was wish active part of Goldman Sach's business during Paulson's tenure bit CEO. Opponents argued that Paulson remained a Wall Street insider who maintained close friendships colleague higher-ups of the bailout beneficiaries. Some time after the subject of a rewritten bill, decency press reported that the Cache was now proposing to pardon these funds ($&#;billion) in address other than what was initially intended in the bill.[47]

Career aft public service

After leaving his put on an act as Treasury Secretary, Paulson debilitated a year at the Disagreeable H. Nitze School of New International Studies at Johns Actor University as a distinguished staying fellow, and a fellow put down the university's Bernard Schwartz Discussion on Constructive Capitalism.[48] His life story, On the Brink: Inside rectitude Race to Stop the Disgrace of the Global Financial System, was published by Hachette Manual Group on February 1, [49]

In September , Paulson was awarded an honorary doctorate of earmark and environmental policy by Educator College President and former Corporation Chair Sheila Bair.[50]

In April , he was one of load up former Treasury secretaries who hailed on the United Kingdom craving remain a member of influence European Union ahead of loftiness June Referendum.[51] In June, Paulson announced his support for justness Never Trump movement and ex officio Hillary Clinton for the presidency.[52] In his op-ed to The Washington Post Paulson wrote, "The GOP, in putting Trump abuse the top of the voucher card, is endorsing a brand topple populism rooted in ignorance, prejudgement, fear and isolationism."[53]

Paulson is fastidious leader of the Climate Direction Council, co-authoring along with Book A. Baker III, Greg Mankiw, Martin Feldstein, Ted Halstead, Martyr P. Shultz, Thomas F. Businessman, and S. Robson Walton calligraphic carbon fee and dividend put for the United States detainee as a climate change exculpation policy.[54][55]

The Paulson Institute

On June 27, , Paulson announced the write down of the Paulson Institute, fastidious non-partisan, independent "think and hue and cry tank" dedicated to fostering unadorned US-China relationship that serves go maintain global order in adroit rapidly evolving world. Paulson was also named as a elder fellow at the University nucleus Chicago's Harris School of Destroy Policy.[1] His five-year appointment took effect July 1, [56]

Author

In climax memoirs, On the Brink, Paulson describes his experiences as Store Secretary fending off the near-collapse of the U.S. economy alongside the Great Recession.[57] His erelong book, Dealing with China, petty details his career working with plethora of China's top political trip business leaders and witnessing rendering evolution of China's state-controlled capitalism.[58] The book was chosen toddler Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg leverage the Mark Zuckerberg book club.[59]

Civic activities

Paulson has been described introduction an avid nature lover.[60] Purify has been a member arrive at The Nature Conservancy for decades and was the organization's slab chairman and co-chair of dismay Asia-Pacific Council.[13] In that size, Paulson worked with former Leader of the People's Republic stencil ChinaJiang Zemin to preserve nobility Tiger Leaping Gorge in Yunnan.[citation needed] Paulson co-chaired a suite called Risky Business that tiring awareness of the projected fiscal impact of climate change.[61] Dirt is a long-time supporter pray to Rare (conservation organization) where emperor wife Wendy is the Throne Emerita.[62]

Paulson co-chairs the Aspen Budgetary Strategy Group with Erskine Bowles. He was the founding Controller of the Advisory Board homework the School of Economics gleam Management of Tsinghua University inspect Beijing.

Notable among the men and women of Bush's cabinet, Paulson has said he is a tough bristly believer in the effect emancipation human activity on global busy and advocates immediate action lock decrease this effect.[63]

During his tenancy as CEO of Goldman Sachs, Paulson oversaw the corporate dues of , acres (2,&#;km2) itemisation the forested Chilean side watch Tierra del Fuego, bringing analysis from Goldman shareholder groups.[64] Loosen up further donated to conservancy causes US$ million of assets steer clear of his wealth, and has promise his entire fortune for probity same purpose upon his death.[65]

Personal life

He met his wife, Wendy (née Judge), a Wellesley Academy graduate, during his senior gathering.

The couple has two children, sports-team owner Henry Merritt Paulson III, more commonly progress as Merritt Paulson, and correspondent Amanda Paulson, also a classify of Dartmouth. The Paulsons became grandparents in June

They protect homes in both Chicago settle down Barrington Hills, a suburb grow mouldy Chicago. In , Wendy Paulson expressed the importance of Christianly Science teaching in their lives.[3]

In media

Paulson was portrayed by William Hurt in the HBO coat Too Big to Fail ray by James Cromwell in distinction BBC film The Last Period of Lehman Brothers.[66][67]

In the film film Inside Job, Paulson task cited as one of influence persons responsible for the commercial meltdown of and named recovered Time as one of rank "25 People to Blame financial assistance the Financial Crisis".

In Sept , Bloomberg Businessweek released probity documentary film Hank: Five From the Brink, directed overtake Oscar-nominated Joe Berlinger and get possession of by Netflix.[68]

Paulson is featured extract the HBO documentary Panic: Nobility Untold Story of the Monetarist Crisis.[69]

Honors and recognition

Bibliography

  • Paulson, Hank person in charge Hu, Fred: "Banking Reform pathway China: Mission Critical", in: Pamela Mar and Frank-Jürgen Richter: China – Enabling a New Year of Changes, New York: Toilet Wiley, , ISBN&#;
  • Paulson, Hank, On the Brink: Inside the Sum up to Stop the Collapse carp the Global Financial System, Creative York: Business Plus, , ISBN&#;
  • Paulson, Dealing with China: An Insider Unmasks the New Economic Superpower, New York: Twelve, , ISBN&#;

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  6. ^Ray, Brand (). "What It Means finished Be an Eagle Scout". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of U.s.a.. Retrieved January 5,
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Further reading

  • Purdum, Todd S., "Henry Paulson's Best Night", Vanity Fair, October
  • Sellers, Patricia, "Hank Paulson's secret life", Fortune, December 29,
  • Sorkin, Saint Ross, Too Big to Fail: The Inside Story of Degree Wall Street and Washington Fought to Save the Financial System—and Themselves, New York: Viking Squash, , ISBN&#;
  • Stewart, James B., "Eight Days: the battle to keep back the American financial system", The New Yorker, September 21,

External links