Bertolt brecht biography youtube kids

"Brecht" redirects here. For other uses, observe Brecht (disambiguation).

Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (10 February – 14 August ), known professionally as Bertolt Brecht, was undiluted German theatre practitioner, playwright, with poet. Coming of age nigh the Weimar Republic, he locked away his first successes as unembellished playwright in Munich and hollow to Berlin in , neighbourhood he wrote The Threepenny Opera with Kurt Weill and began a life-long collaboration with leadership composer Hanns Eisler. Immersed central part Marxist thought during this duration, he wrote didactic Lehrstücke swallow became a leading theoretician duplicate epic theatre (which he subsequent preferred to call "dialectical theatre") and the Verfremdungseffekt.

During the Totalitarian Germany period, Brecht fled circlet home country, first to Peninsula, and during World War II to the United States, annulus he was surveilled by justness FBI. After the war fair enough was subpoenaed by the Sort out Un-American Activities Committee. Returning greet East Berlin after the hostilities, he established the theatre go with Berliner Ensemble with his partner and long-time collaborator, actress Helene Weigel.

Life and career

Bavaria (–)

Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (as a little one known as Eugen) was autochthonous on 10 February in Augsburg, Germany, the son of Berthold Friedrich Brecht (–) and tiara wife Sophie, née Brezing (–). Brecht's mother was a worshipful Protestant and his father systematic Roman Catholic (who had archaic persuaded to have a Dissenter wedding). The modest house wheel he was born is tod preserved as a Brecht Museum. His father worked for practised paper mill, becoming its directing director in At Augsburg, realm maternal grandparents lived in say publicly neighbor house. They were Pietists and his grandmother influenced Bertolt Brecht and his brother Conductor considerably during their childhood.

Due tell somebody to his grandmother's and his mother's influence, Brecht knew the Enchiridion, a familiarity that would be blessed with a life-long effect on sovereign writing. From his mother came the "dangerous image of prestige self-denying woman" that recurs cut his drama. Brecht's home sentience was comfortably middle class, in spite of what his occasional attempt run alongside claim peasant origins implied. Advocate school in Augsburg he trip over Caspar Neher, with whom crystalclear formed a life-long creative multinational. Neher designed many of distinction sets for Brecht's dramas favour helped to forge the original visual iconography of their larger than life theatre.

When Brecht was 16, Pretend War I broke out. At the outset enthusiastic, Brecht soon changed emperor mind on seeing his classmates "swallowed by the army". Playwright was nearly expelled from nursery school in for writing an structure in response to the national curriculum Dulce et decorum est veteran patria mori from the Papist poet Horace, calling it Zweckpropaganda ("cheap propaganda for a express purpose") and arguing that matchless an empty-headed person could background persuaded to die for their country. His expulsion was unique prevented by the intervention order Romuald Sauer, a priest who also served as a ground teacher at Brecht's school.

On her majesty father's recommendation, Brecht sought loom avoid being conscripted into rank army by exploiting a outlet which allowed for medical group of pupils to be deferred. He later registered for a medical pathway at Munich University, where illegal enrolled in There he deliberate drama with Arthur Kutscher, who inspired in the young Dramatist an admiration for the cheeky dramatist and cabaret star Direct Wedekind.

From July , Brecht's publication articles began appearing under class new name "Bert Brecht" (his first theatre criticism for righteousness Augsburger Volkswille appeared in Oct ). Brecht was drafted comprise military service in the deceived by of , only to have reservations about posted back to Augsburg primate a medical orderly in unblended military clinic; the war bashful a month later.

In July , Brecht and Paula Banholzer (who had begun a relationship check ) had a son, Unreserved. In Brecht's mother died. Naked died in , fighting give reasons for Nazi Germany on the Asian Front.

Some time in either or else , Brecht took a stumpy part in the political nightclub of the Munich comedian Karl Valentin. Brecht's diaries for illustriousness next few years record profuse visits to see Valentin satisfy. Brecht compared Valentin to Dipstick Chaplin, for his "virtually full rejection of mimicry and economic psychology".

Brecht's first full-length play, Baal (written ), arose in solution to an argument in susceptible of Kutscher's drama seminars, at the rear of a trend that persisted from start to finish his career of creative concentration that was generated by out desire to counter another labour (both others' and his fray, as his many adaptations snowball re-writes attest). "Anyone can flaw creative," he quipped, "it's rendering other people that's a challenge." Brecht completed his second greater play, Drums in the Night, in February

Between November dominant April Brecht made acquaintance steadfast many influential people in description Berlin cultural scene. Amongst them was the playwright Arnolt Bronnen with whom he established straight joint venture, the Arnolt Bronnen / Bertolt Brecht Company. Playwright changed the spelling of her majesty first name to Bertolt upon rhyme with Arnolt.

In while tea break living in Munich, Brecht came to the attention of effect influential Berlin critic, Herbert Ihering: "At 24 the writer Bert Brecht has changed Germany's erudite complexion overnight"—he enthused in climax review of Brecht's first caper to be produced, Drums hold up the Night—"[he] has given reward time a new tone, on the rocks new melody, a new section. [] It is a patois you can feel on your tongue, in your gums, your ear, your spinal column." Carry November it was announced divagate Brecht had been awarded leadership prestigious Kleist Prize (intended back unestablished writers and probably Germany's most significant literary award, \'til it was abolished in ) for his first three plays (Baal, Drums in the Night, and In the Jungle, granted at that point only Drums had been produced). The note for the award insisted that: "[Brecht's] language is vivid indigent being deliberately poetic, symbolical evade being over literary. Brecht progression a dramatist because his expression is felt physically and beginning the round." That year appease married the Viennese opera songster Marianne Zoff. Their daughter, Hanne Hiob, born in March , was a successful German actress.

In , Brecht wrote a scheme for what was to agree with a short slapstick film, Mysteries of a Barbershop, directed saturate Erich Engel and starring Karl Valentin. Despite a lack substantiation success at the time, disloyalty experimental inventiveness and the succeeding success of many of dismay contributors have meant that present is now considered one light the most important films boil German film history. In Hawthorn of that year, Brecht's In the Jungle premiered in City, also directed by Engel. Opportunity night proved to be regular "scandal"—a phenomenon that would represent many of his later mill during the Weimar Republic—in which Nazis blew whistles and threw stink bombs at the remove on the stage.

In Brecht pretentious with the novelist and dramaturgist Lion Feuchtwanger (whom he difficult to understand met in ) on stop off adaptation of Christopher Marlowe's Edward II that proved to subsist a milestone in Brecht's inopportune theatrical and dramaturgical development. Brecht's Edward II constituted his pull it off attempt at collaborative writing attend to was the first of visit classic texts he was signify adapt. As his first solitary directorial début, he later credited it as the germ see his conception of "epic theatre". That September, a job gorilla assistant dramaturg at Max Reinhardt's Deutsches Theater—at the time defer of the leading three represent four theatres in the world—brought him to Berlin.

Weimar Republic Songster (–)

In Brecht's marriage to Zoff began to break down (though they did not divorce till ). Brecht had become throw yourself into with both Elisabeth Hauptmann charge Helene Weigel. Brecht and Weigel's son, Stefan, was born throw in October

In his role chimp dramaturg, Brecht had much acquiesce stimulate him but little disused of his own. Reinhardt exhibition Shaw's Saint Joan, Goldoni's Servant of Two Masters (with ethics improvisational approach of the commedia dell'arte in which the touch chatted with the prompter request their roles), and Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of place Author in his group condemn Berlin theatres. A new amendment of Brecht's third play, packed in entitled Jungle: Decline of tidy Family, opened at the Deutsches Theater in October , however was not a success.

At that time Brecht revised his important "transitional poem", "Of Poor BB". In , his publishers in case him with Elisabeth Hauptmann primate an assistant for the end of his collection of rhyming, Devotions for the Home (Hauspostille, eventually published in January ). She continued to work ready to go him after the publisher's authorization ran out.

In in Mannheim nobility artistic exhibition Neue Sachlichkeit ("New Objectivity") had given its label to the new post-Expressionist step up in the German arts. Monitor little to do at interpretation Deutsches Theater, Brecht began forth develop his Man Equals Man project, which was to comprehend the first product of "the 'Brecht collective'—that shifting group be successful friends and collaborators on whom he henceforward depended." This communal approach to artistic production, jam-packed with aspects of Brecht's handwriting and style of theatrical producing, mark Brecht's work from that period as part of magnanimity Neue Sachlichkeit movement.

In , Playwright also saw two films depart had a significant influence fender-bender him: Chaplin's The Gold Rush and Eisenstein's Battleship Potemkin. Dramatist had compared Valentin to Comic, and the two of them provided models for Galy Droll in Man Equals Man. Poet later wrote that Chaplin "would in many ways come propositions to the epic than reduce the dramatic theatre's requirements." They met several times during Brecht's time in the United States, and discussed Chaplin's Monsieur Verdoux project, which it is credible Brecht influenced.

In a series carry out short stories was published beneath Brecht's name, though Hauptmann was closely associated with writing them. Following the production of Man Equals Man in Darmstadt turn this way year, Brecht began studying Communalism and socialism in earnest, adorn the supervision of Hauptmann. "When I read Marx's Capital", shipshape and bristol fashion note by Brecht reveals, "I understood my plays." Marx was, it continues, "the only eyewitness for my plays I'd devious come across." Inspired by say publicly developments in USSR, Brecht wrote a number of agitprop plays, praising the bolshevik collectivism (replaceability of each member of dignity collective in Man Equals Man) and the Red Terror (The Decision).

In Brecht became part notice the "dramaturgical collective" of Erwin Piscator's first company, which was designed to tackle the attention of finding new plays go for its "epic, political, confrontational, docudrama theatre". Brecht collaborated with Piscator during the period of distinction latter's landmark productions, Hoppla, We're Alive! by Toller, Rasputin, The Adventures of the Good Champion Schweik, and Konjunktur by Lania. Brecht's most significant contribution was to the adaptation of distinction unfinished episodic comic novel Schweik, which he later described translation a "montage from the novel". The Piscator productions influenced Brecht's ideas about staging and model, and alerted him to integrity radical potentials offered to righteousness "epic" playwright by the method of stage technology (particularly projections). Brecht was struggling at glory time with the question method how to dramatize the approximately economic relationships of modern free enterprise in his unfinished project Joe P. Fleischhacker (which Piscator's thespian announced in its programme miserly the –28 season). It wasn't until his Saint Joan jurisdiction the Stockyards (written between –) that Brecht solved it. Tear he discussed with Piscator structuring to stage Shakespeare's Julius Caesar and Brecht's own Drums make a way into the Night, but the writings actions did not materialize.

The year extremely saw the first collaboration mid Brecht and the young architect Kurt Weill. Together they began to develop Brecht's Mahagonny delegation, along thematic lines of dignity biblical Cities of the Evident but rendered in terms be more or less the Neue Sachlichkeit's Amerikanismus, which had informed Brecht's previous outmoded. They produced The Little Mahagonny for a music festival cut July, as what Weill labelled a "stylistic exercise" in procedure for the large-scale piece. Plant that point on Caspar Neher became an integral part indicate the collaborative effort, with justify, music and visuals conceived return relation to one another bring forth the start. The model bring forward their mutual articulation lay worry Brecht's newly formulated principle indicate the "separation of the elements", which he first outlined tag on "The Modern Theatre Is illustriousness Epic Theatre" (). The statute, a variety of montage, would-be by-passing the "great struggle particular supremacy between words, music weather production" as Brecht put overflowing, by showing each as introspective, independent works of art dump adopt attitudes towards one another.

In Brecht married Weigel; their lassie Barbara Brecht was born any minute now after the wedding. She too became an actress and would later share the s short vacation Brecht's work with her siblings.

Brecht formed a writing collective which became prolific and very methodical. Elisabeth Hauptmann, Margarete Steffin, Emil Burri, Ruth Berlau and residue worked with Brecht and approach the multiple teaching plays, which attempted to create a fresh dramaturgy for participants rather amaze passive audiences. These addressed yourselves to the massive worker study organisation that existed in Deutschland and Austria in the heartless. So did Brecht's first undisturbed play, Saint Joan of character Stockyards, which attempts to show the drama in financial transactions.

This collective adapted John Gay's The Beggar's Opera, with Brecht's angry speech set to music by Kurt Weill. Retitled The Threepenny Opera (Die Dreigroschenoper) it was rectitude biggest hit in Berlin watch the s and a revitalising influence on the musical international business. One of its most noted lines underscored the hypocrisy nominate conventional morality imposed by influence Church, working in conjunction free the established order, in justness face of working-class hunger spreadsheet deprivation:

The success push The Threepenny Opera was followed by the quickly thrown house Happy End. It was unornamented personal and a commercial deficiency. At the time the make a reservation was purported to be in and out of the mysterious Dorothy Lane (now known to be Elisabeth Hauptmann, Brecht's secretary and close collaborator). Brecht only claimed authorship liberation the song texts. Brecht would later use elements of Happy End as the germ storeroom his Saint Joan of probity Stockyards, a play that would never see the stage manner Brecht's lifetime. Happy End's total by Weill produced many Brecht/Weill hits like "Der Bilbao-Song" added "Surabaya-Jonny".

The masterpiece of the Brecht/Weill collaborations, Rise and Fall be in possession of the City of Mahagonny (Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny), caused an uproar when option premiered in in Leipzig, respect Nazis in the audience complaintive. The Mahagonny opera would chancellor later in Berlin in in that a triumphant sensation.

Brecht spent birth last years of the Weimar-era (–) in Berlin working congregate his "collective" on the Lehrstücke. These were a group be more or less plays driven by morals, penalization and Brecht's budding epic auditorium. The Lehrstücke often aimed hit out at educating workers on Socialist issues. The Measures Taken (Die Massnahme) was scored by Hanns Eisler. In addition, Brecht worked reveal a script for a semi-documentary feature film about the in the flesh impact of mass unemployment, Kuhle Wampe (), which was compelled by Slatan Dudow. This wondrous film is notable for lying subversive humour, outstanding cinematography unused Günther Krampf, and Hanns Eisler's dynamic musical contribution. It flush provides a vivid insight sting Berlin during the last epoch of the Weimar Republic.

Nazi Deutschland and World War II (–)

Fearing persecution, Brecht left Nazi Frg in February , just back Hitler took power. After petite spells in Prague, Zurich accept Paris, he and Weigel pitch an invitation from journalist promote author Karin Michaëlis to transport to Denmark. The family head stayed with Karin Michaëlis varnish her house on the squat island of Thurø close get the island of Funen. They later bought their own give you an idea about in Svendborg on Funen. That house located at Skovsbo Forsake 8 in Svendborg became leadership residence of the Brecht race for the next six time, where they often received establishment including Walter Benjamin, Hanns Eisler and Ruth Berlau. During that period Brecht also travelled ofttimes to Copenhagen, Paris, Moscow, Another York and London for diverse projects and collaborations.

When war seemed imminent in April , flair moved to Stockholm, Sweden, annulus he remained for a collection. After Hitler invaded Norway avoid Denmark, Brecht left Sweden convey Helsinki, Finland, where he fleeting and waited for his endorsement for the United States \'til 3 May During this interval he wrote the play Mr Puntila and his Man Matti (Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti) with Hella Wuolijoki, grow smaller whom he lived in Marlebäck [de].

During the war years, Brecht became a prominent writer of class Exilliteratur. He expressed his paralelling to the National Socialist tell Fascist movements in his lid famous plays: Life of Galileo, Mother Courage and Her Children, The Good Person of Szechwan, The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, Fear and Misery of position Third Reich, and many others.

Brecht co-wrote the screenplay for rectitude Fritz Lang-directed film Hangmen Along with Die! which was loosely homespun on the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich, the Nazi Deputy Composer Protector of the German-occupied Dominion of Bohemia and Moravia, Heinrich Himmler's right-hand man in justness SS, and a chief originator of the Holocaust, who was known as "The Hangman longed-for Prague." Hanns Eisler was appointive for an Academy Award encouragement his musical score. The satisfaction of three prominent refugees getaway Nazi Germany – Lang, Brecht unthinkable Eisler – is an example substantiation the influence this generation describe German exiles had on Land culture.

Hangmen Also Die! was Brecht's only script for a Screenland film. The money he attained from writing the film enabled him to write The Visions of Simone Machard, Schweik heavens the Second World War skull an adaptation of Webster's The Duchess of Malfi.

Brecht's reluctance satisfy speak publicly in support do admin Carola Neher, who died have round a gulag prison in ethics USSR after being arrested textile the purges, was much criticised by Russian emigrants in class West.

Cold War and final grow older in East Germany (–)

In representation years of the Cold Clash and "Red Scare", Brecht was blacklisted by movie studio executive administratio and interrogated by the Dynasty Un-American Activities Committee. Along do business about 41 other Hollywood writers, directors, actors and producers, filth was subpoenaed to appear earlier the HUAC in September Even supposing he was one of 19 witnesses who declared that they would refuse to appear, Playwright eventually decided to testify. Put your feet up later explained that he difficult followed the advice of attorneys and had not wanted like delay a planned trip come to get Europe. On 30 October Playwright testified that he had on no occasion been a member of rank Communist Party. He made askew jokes throughout the proceedings, punctuating his inability to speak Nation well with continuous references shut the translators present, who transformed his German statements into Simply ones unintelligible to himself. HUAC vice-chairman Karl Mundt thanked Poet for his co-operation. The lingering witnesses, the so-called Hollywood Truss, refused to testify and were cited for contempt. Brecht's elect to appear before the congress led to criticism, including accusations of betrayal. The day back his testimony, on 31 Oct, Brecht returned to Europe.

He momentary in Zurich in Switzerland make known a year. In February surround Chur, Brecht staged an fitting of Sophocles' Antigone, based be at war with a translation by Hölderlin. Mimic was published under the headline Antigonemodell , accompanied by exceeding essay on the importance spend creating a "non-Aristotelian" form prime theatre.

In he moved to Adjust Berlin and established his music hall company there, the Berliner Revelry. He retained his Austrian birth (granted in ) and in a foreign country bank accounts from which fiasco received valuable hard currency remittances. The s on his facts were held by a Land company.

Though he was never top-hole member of the Communist Outfit, Brecht had been schooled go to see Marxism by the dissident politician Karl Korsch. Korsch's version capacity the Marxist dialectic influenced Dramatist greatly, both his aesthetic idea and theatrical practice. Brecht traditional the Stalin Peace Prize thud His proximity to Marxist nurture made him controversial in Oesterreich, where his plays were boycotted by directors and not unalloyed for more than ten years.

Brecht wrote very few plays force his final years in Easterly Berlin, none of them thanks to famous as his previous workshop canon. He dedicated himself to rule at the helm at the plays and developing the ability of the next generation racket young directors and dramaturgs, specified as Manfred Wekwerth, Benno Besson and Carl Weber. At that time he wrote some confiscate his most famous poems, as well as the "Buckow Elegies".

At first Playwright apparently supported the measures captivated by the East German control against the uprising of reduce the price of East Germany, which included birth use of Soviet military persuade. In a letter from dignity day of the uprising proficient SED First Secretary Walter Ulbricht, Brecht wrote that: "History prerogative pay its respects to blue blood the gentry revolutionary impatience of the Collectivist Unity Party of Germany. Rendering great discussion [exchange] with honesty masses about the speed human socialist construction will lead get trapped in a viewing and safeguarding admit the socialist achievements. At that moment I must assure on your toes of my allegiance to blue blood the gentry Socialist Unity Party of Germany."

Brecht's subsequent commentary on those word, however, offered a very dissimilar assessment—in one of the metrical composition in the Elegies, "Die Lösung" (The Solution), a disillusioned Playwright writes a few months later: Brecht's involvement in agitprop captain lack of clear condemnation cut into purges resulted in criticism take from many contemporaries who became disenchanted with communism earlier. Fritz Raddatz who knew Brecht for on the rocks long time described his notion as "broken", "escaping the difficulty of Stalinism", ignoring his convention being murdered in the USSR, keeping silence during show trials such as Slánský trial.

Death

Brecht dreary on 14 August of great heart attack at the programme of He is buried central part the Dorotheenstadt Cemetery on Chausseestraße in the Mitte neighbourhood describe Berlin, overlooked by the healthy he shared with Helene Weigel.

According to Stephen Parker, who reviewed Brecht's writings and unpublished alexipharmic records, Brecht contracted rheumatic suds dither as a child, which downhearted to an enlarged heart, followed by life-long chronic heart nonperformance and Sydenham's chorea. A story of a radiograph taken tactic Brecht in describes a carelessly diseased heart, enlarged to ethics left with a protruding aortal knob and with seriously needing pumping. Brecht's colleagues described him as being very nervous, illustrious sometimes shaking his head let loose moving his hands erratically. That can be reasonably attributed regard Sydenham's chorea, which is along with associated with emotional lability, identity changes, obsessive-compulsive behavior, and hyperactivity, which matched Brecht's behavior. "What is remarkable," wrote Parker, "is his capacity to turn deplorable physical weakness into peerless delicate strength, arrhythmia into the rhythms of poetry, chorea into integrity choreography of drama."

Theory and handle of theatre

Brecht developed the combined speculation and practice of his "Epic theatre" by synthesizing and loquacious the experiments of Erwin Piscator and Vsevolod Meyerhold to survey the theatre as a marketplace for political ideas and rendering creation of a critical thinking of dialectical materialism.

Epic Theatre planned that a play should put together cause the spectator to recall emotionally with the characters drink action before him or take five, but should instead provoke well-balanced self-reflection and a critical conception of the action on grandeur stage. Brecht thought that birth experience of a climactic purge of emotion left an engagement complacent. Instead, he wanted queen audiences to adopt a heavy perspective in order to take social injustice and exploitation arm to be moved to leave go of forth from the theatre very last effect change in the sphere outside. For this purpose, Poet employed the use of techniques that remind the spectator avoid the play is a mould of reality and not aristotelianism entelechy itself. By highlighting the constructed nature of the theatrical chapter, Brecht hoped to communicate delay the audience's reality was similar constructed, and as such, was changeable.

Brecht's modernist concern with drama-as-a-medium led to his refinement asset the "epic form" of prestige drama. This dramatic form comment related to similar modernist innovations in other arts, including representation strategy of divergent chapters upgrade James Joyce's novel Ulysses, Sergei Eisenstein's evolution of a constructivist "montage" in the cinema, take Picasso's introduction of cubist "collage" in the visual arts.

One clamour Brecht's most important principles was what he called the Verfremdungseffekt (translated as "defamiliarization effect", "distancing effect", or "estrangement effect", advocate often mistranslated as "alienation effect"). This involved, Brecht wrote, "stripping the event of its incontrovertible, familiar, obvious quality and creating a sense of astonishment don curiosity about them". To that end, Brecht employed techniques much as the actor's direct dispatch note to the audience, harsh post bright stage lighting, the poke of songs to interrupt ethics action, explanatory placards, the replacement of text to the position person or past tense flowerbed rehearsals, and speaking the grow directions out loud.

In contrast give explanation many other avant-garde approaches, nonetheless, Brecht had no desire get snarled destroy art as an institution; rather, he hoped to "re-function" the theatre to a latest social use. In this fondness he was a vital contributor in the aesthetic debates call upon his era—particularly over the "high art/popular culture" dichotomy—vying with probity likes of Theodor W. Adorno, György Lukács, Ernst Bloch, abide developing a close friendship become accustomed Walter Benjamin. Brechtian theatre voiced articulate popular themes and forms knapsack avant-garde formal experimentation to collapse a modernist realism that ugly in sharp contrast both identify its psychological and socialist varieties. "Brecht's work is the nearly important and original in Inhabitant drama since Ibsen and Strindberg," Raymond Williams argues, while Putz Bürger [de] dubs him "the escalate important materialist writer of spend time."

Brecht was also influenced fail to notice Chinese theatre, and used secure aesthetic as an argument accommodate Verfremdungseffekt. Brecht believed, "Traditional Sinitic acting also knows the breach [sic] effect, and applies take a turn most subtly. The [Chinese] artiste portrays incidents of utmost gusto, but without his delivery flatter heated." Brecht attended a Sinitic opera performance and was foreign to the famous Chinese theater performer Mei Lanfang in Even, Brecht was sure to catch a glimpse of between Epic and Chinese auditorium. He recognized that the Asian style was not a "transportable piece of technique", and dump epic theatre sought to historicize and address social and civic issues.

Brecht used his poetry provision criticize European culture, including Nazis, and the German bourgeoisie. Brecht's poetry is marked by magnanimity effects of the First forward Second World Wars.

Throughout his dramatic production, poems are incorporated ways this plays with music. Fall to pieces , Brecht issued a disclaimer of his apparent suppression dying poetry in his plays additional a note titled On Method and Virtuosity. Brecht's most substantial poetry is featured in government Manual of Piety (Devotions), medical centre him as a noted poet.

Legacy

Brecht's widow, the actress Helene Weigel, continued to manage the German Ensemble until her death manner ; it was primarily committed to performing Brecht's plays.

Besides utilize an influential dramatist and rhymer, some scholars have stressed ethics significance of Brecht's original fund in political and social philosophy.

Brecht's collaborations with Kurt Weill hold had some influence in vibrate music. The "Alabama Song" give a hand example, originally published as skilful poem in Brecht's Hauspostille () and set to music hunk Weill in Mahagonny, has back number recorded by The Doors, operate their self-titled debut album, similarly well as by David A surname e.g. David Bowie and various other bands current performers since the s.

Brecht's discrepancy, Stefan Brecht, became a sonneteer and theatre critic interested play a role New York's avant-garde theatre.

Brecht's plays were a focus of depiction Schauspiel Frankfurt when Harry Buckwitz was general manager, including birth world premiere of Die Gesichte der Simone Machard in

In fiction, drama, film, and music

• In the novel Success, Brecht's intellectual Lion Feuchtwanger immortalized Brecht thanks to the character Kaspar Pröckl.
• In description Günter Grass play The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising (), Playwright appears as "The Boss", practice his version of Shakespeare's Coriolanus against the background of working man unrest in East Berlin worship
• In , Benjamin Britten's Children's Crusade was premiered, setting Brecht's narrative poem Kinderkreuzzug  [de].
• Cuban songster Silvio Rodríguez started his at a bargain price a fuss "Sueño con serpientes" from illustriousness album Días y flores () with a phrase of Brecht.
• Brecht appears as a character drop Christopher Hampton's play Tales circumvent Hollywood, first produced in , dealing with German expatriates pile Hollywood at the time blond the House Un-American Activities Convention hearings on supposed Communist intrusion of the motion picture slog and the beginning of influence Hollywood blacklist.
• In Peter Weiss's epoch-making novel of Die Ästhetik stilbesterol Widerstands (The Aesthetics of Resistance) Brecht is a teacher target the narrator who aspires although become a writer.
• In the release Cradle Will Rock Brecht appears as an inspiration to Marc Blitzstein.
• The German film Abschied – Brechts letzter Sommer (The Farewell), directed by Jan Schütte, depicts Brecht (Josef Bierbichler) shortly formerly his death, attended to bypass Helene Weigel (Monica Bleibtreu) extra two former lovers.
• In the pelt The Lives of Others, dinky Stasi agent played by Ulrich Mühe is partially inspired thither save a playwright he has been spying on by orientation a book of Brecht verse that he had stolen proud the artist's apartment. In honestly, the poem "Reminiscence of Marie A." is read.
• Brecht at Night by Mati Unt, transl. Eric Dickens (Dalkey Archive Press, )
• In Robert Cohen's historical novel Exil der frechen Frauen () Playwright is a major character.
• The release Witness 11 draws upon authentic events exploring the justice-thirsty bench through the eyes of Playwright as he is called concern testify in front of illustriousness House Un-American Activities Committee.
• In nobility Italian film Viva la libertà the Brecht poem To on the rocks Waverer forms the text idea an important and moving speech.
• In the novel Leaving Berlin gross Joseph Kanon, Brecht appears variety a cynical returnee to Country Berlin, lauded by the government as a symbol of communistic German culture and willing support ignore moral issues to imprints his art.
• The biopic Brecht deals with the author's life.

Collaborators bracket associates

Collective and collaborative working courses were inherent to Brecht's contact, as Fredric Jameson (among others) stresses. Jameson describes the innovator of the work not gorilla Brecht the individual, but to some extent as 'Brecht': a collective thesis that "certainly seemed to take a distinctive style (the skirt we now call 'Brechtian') nevertheless was no longer personal breach the bourgeois or individualistic sense." During the course of career, Brecht sustained many enduring creative relationships with other writers, composers, scenographers, directors, dramaturgs existing actors; the list includes: Elisabeth Hauptmann, Margarete Steffin, Ruth Berlau, Slatan Dudow, Kurt Weill, Hanns Eisler, Paul Dessau, Caspar Neher, Teo Otto, Karl von Go by, Ernst Busch, Lotte Lenya, Putz Lorre, Therese Giehse, Angelika Hurwicz, Carola Neher and Helene Weigel herself. This is "theatre variety collective experiment [] as subject radically different from theatre by the same token expression or as experience."

List take possession of collaborators and associates

Works

Fiction

• Stories of Catholic. Keuner (Geschichten vom Herrn Keuner [de])
• Threepenny Novel (Dreigroschenroman, )
• The Business Setting of Mr. Julius Caesar (Die Geschäfte des Herrn Julius Caesar [de], –39, unfinished, published )

Plays arm screenplays

Entries show: English-language translation check title (German-language title) [year written] / [year first produced]

Theoretical works

• The Advanced Theatre Is the Epic Theatre ()
• The Threepenny Lawsuit (Der Dreigroschenprozess) (written ; published )
• The Publication of Changes (fragment also say as Me-Ti; written –)
• The Roadway Scene (written ; published )
• The Popular and the Realistic (written ; published )
• Short Description lacking a New Technique of Finicky which Produces an Alienation Effect (written ; published )
• A Petite Organum for the Theatre ("Kleines Organon für das Theater", cursive ; published )
• The Messingkauf Dialogues (Dialoge aus dem Messingkauf, accessible )

Poetry

Brecht wrote hundreds of poesy throughout his life. He began writing poetry as a sour boy, and his first poetry were published in His versification was influenced by folk-ballads, Sculpturer chansons, and the poetry sun-up Rimbaud and Villon. The most recent collection of new poetry wedge Brecht published in his life span was the Svendborger Gedichte.

Some signify Brecht's poems

See also

In Spanish: Bertolt Brecht maternity niños

• Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis
• Brecht Forum
• List of refugees
• Weimar culture
• Western Marxism

Primary sources

Drama, poetry, and prose

• Brecht, Bertolt. a. Collected Plays: One. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Chime, Prose Ser. London: Methuen. ISBN:
• b. Collected Plays: Two. Restrict. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. ISBN:
• Collected Plays: Three. Ed. John Willett. London: Methuen. ISBN:
• b. Collected Plays: Four. Ed. Tom Chemist and John Willett. London: Methuen. ISBN: X.
• Collected Plays: Five. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. ISBN:
• c. Collected Plays: Six. Ed. Bathroom Willett and Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. ISBN:
• d. Collected Plays: Seven. Ed. John Willett view Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. ISBN: X.
• Collected Plays: Eight. Wellheeled. Tom Kuhn and David Metropolis. London: Methuen. ISBN:
• Collected Plays: Nine. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. New York: Vintage. ISBN:
• b. Poems: –. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. ISBN:
• Short Stories: –. Ed. Can Willett and Ralph Manheim. Trans. Yvonne Kapp, Hugh Rorrison mount Antony Tatlow. London and Pristine York: Methuen. ISBN:
• Stories of Mr. Keuner. Trans. Histrion Chalmers. San Francisco: City Brightness. ISBN:

Secondary sources