Biography of maximilien robespierre execution

Fall of Maximilien Robespierre

event as the French Revolution

"Fall of Robespierre" redirects here. For the Spin theatrical play, see The Hangout of Robespierre.

The Coup d'état longed-for 9 Thermidor or the Fall of Maximilien Robespierre is loftiness series of events beginning exchange of ideas Maximilien Robespierre's address to glory National Convention on 8 ThermidorYear II (26 July ), sovereign arrest the next day, limit his execution on 10 Thermidor (28 July). In the diction of 8 Thermidor, Robespierre beam of the existence of widespread domestic enemies, conspirators, and calumniators, surrounded by the Convention and the government Committees. He refused to fame them, which alarmed the delegates who feared Robespierre was groundwork another purge of the Conference, similar to previous ones at hand the Reign of Terror.

On leadership following day, this tension overlook the Convention allowed Jean-Lambert Tallien, one of the conspirators whom Robespierre had in mind ordinary his denunciation, to turn rank Convention against Robespierre and statute his arrest. By the top of the next day, Revolutionist was executed in the Resource de la Révolution, where Wage war Louis XVI had been ended a year earlier. He was executed by guillotine, like magnanimity others. Robespierre's fall led done more moderate policies being enforced during the subsequent Thermidorian Reply.

Background

Purge of the Hébertists charge Dantonists

On 27 July , Subversive was elected to the Cabinet of Public Safety, and would remain a member until consummate death. During the months mid September and July , blue blood the gentry Committee's power increased dramatically disproportionate to several measures instated amid the Terror, such as blue blood the gentry Law of Suspects, and picture later Law of 14th Frimaire, becoming the de facto ceo branch of the Revolutionary Direction, under the supervision of picture National Convention.

During this time, connect different factions rose in unfriendliness to the restructured Revolutionary Government: the left-wing ultra-revolutionaries and depiction moderate right-wing citra-revolutionaries. The Ultras (also known as Hébertists character Exagérés) gathered around Jacques Hébert, as well as leaders admonishment the Paris Commune and loftiness exagérés of the Cordeliers Billy. They pushed for stronger censorship measures than those already play a role place during the Terror, final campaigned for de-Christianization.

The Citras (also known as Dantonists or Indulgents), formed around Georges Danton importance well as the indulgents personnel of the Cordeliers Club, inclusive of Camille Desmoulins. They were hard opposed to the machinery exercise the Terror and policies living example the Committee of Public Safeness. Both these factions were brimful as conspirators against the Radical Government and sentenced to authority guillotine: the Hébertists on 24 March (4 Germinal) and representation Dantonists on 5 April (16 Germinal).

With these purges, the on the trot of the Committee was reaffirmed. The death of Danton professor Desmoulins, both formerly friends take Robespierre, left a deep degree on him. This, combined write down the increasing demands of both the Committee on Public Shelter and the National Convention make a revelation away Robespierre's mental and sublunary health to the point misstep was forced to reduce empress presence in the Jacobin Staff and the National Convention.

Division reversed the Revolutionary Government

Robespierre did yell reappear in the National Society until 7 May (18 Floréal). For this day he esoteric planned a speech addressing rectitude relationship between religion, morality, be first the republican principles; and extort establish the Cult of influence Supreme Being in place emblematic the Cult of Reason promoted by de-Christianizers like the Hébertists. On 21 May the insurgent government decided that the Panic would be centralised, with fake all the tribunals in high-mindedness provinces closed and all justness trials held in Paris.^[15]

Robespierre soppy the processions during the Ceremony in Honor of the Topmost Being celebrated on 8 June (20 Prairial). Although the party was well accepted by blue blood the gentry crowds, Robespierre's prominent position convoluted it was suspicious in position eyes of some deputies, build up muttering began about Robespierre's devotion and desire for power. Link days after the Festival, Revolutionist pushed the National Convention meet pass the Law of 22 Prairial drafted by him come to rest Georges Couthon, which accelerated representation trial process and extended illustriousness death penalty to include unmixed new set of "enemies disturb the people"; this included those seeking to reestablish the dominion, interfering with food provisions, deprecatory the National Convention, and act with foreigners, among others. Depiction fear of assassination drove Subversive to take this measure: assassination attempts against Robespierre scold Collot d'Herbois had taken menacing on 23 and 24 Could (4–5 Prairial), and the honour of Lepeletier's and Marat's killing still roused feelings in influence Convention. The law was scream universally accepted in the Association, and critics of Robespierre person in charge Saint-Just would use it intrude upon them during the events matching 9 Thermidor.

More opposition came wean away from the Committee of General Cheer, which had not been consulted over the contents of say publicly Law. The Committee of Common Security already felt threatened soak the Committee of Public Safety's new ability to issue take into custody warrants, as well as unresponsive to the new Police Bureau, which was created by Saint-Just take was being run by Revolutionary in his absence, and whose functions overlapped with that dressingdown the Committee of General Consolation. As payment, they presented shipshape and bristol fashion report on the ties in the middle of the English enemy and rendering self-proclaimed "Mother of God", Empress Théot, who had prophesied put off Robespierre was a new Liberator. This was done both glossed the intention of diminishing Subversive, and to mock his spiritual positions and the Cult show The Supreme Being.

On 28 June (10 Messidor), Saint-Just returned deviate the northern front bearing news: the Revolutionary Army had discomfited the Austrian army in Belgique at the Battle of Fleurus, securing the road to Town. This victory signaled the make a decision of the war against loftiness Austrians, and with it, significance end of the Terror reach a decision. Robespierre, wishing to get ghastly of both internal and farther enemies, objected to the conclusion of the war government. Rank following day, in a line meeting of the Committees give a rough idea Public Safety and General Fastness, Lazare Carnot allegedly shouted kindness Saint-Just that both he survive Robespierre were "ridiculous dictators". Next this event, Robespierre stopped partake directly in the deliberations be fitting of the Committee of Public Safety.

Having abandoned both the Committee president the National Convention, which elegance stopped frequenting after his wheel ended on 18 June (30 Prairial), Robespierre's absence allowed integrity breach between him and molest members of the revolutionary control to widen. He did plead for reappear until 23 July (5 Thermidor), when he sat fund another joint convention of dignity two Committees put forward leisure pursuit a failed attempt to locate their mutual differences.

Events of loftiness Fall

8 Thermidor (26 July)

During sovereignty absence from both the State-run Convention and the Committee honor Public Safety through the months of June and July (Messidor), Robespierre prepared a speech do away with be delivered on 26 July (8 Thermidor). He delivered character speech first to the Safe Convention, and later that very day at the Jacobin Baton. In it, he attempted both to defend himself from significance rumors and attacks on fillet person that had been pestiferous since the start of grandeur Reign of Terror; and divulge bring light to an anti-revolutionary conspiracy that he believed reached into the Convention and position Governing Committees.^[28]

Although he only prisoner three deputies by name (Pierre-Joseph Cambon, François René Mallarmé, tube Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret), his speech seemed to also incriminate several rest 2. Moreover, it was precisely owing to he failed to name picture condemned that terror spread purpose the Convention as the delegates started thinking that Robespierre was planning yet another purge famine that of the Dantonists slab Hébertists.

Later the same day of course presented the speech at blue blood the gentry Jacobin Club, where it was received with overwhelming support disdain some initial opposition. Both Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne and Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, who opposed the edition of the speech, were unvoluntary out of the Jacobin Club.

9 Thermidor (27 July)

On Sunday 27 July, the weather was stormy.^[31] The workers of Paris uninhibited a demonstration against the Uttermost on wages.^[32]^[33]^[34] At noon Gladiator Antoine de Saint-Just started addressing the Convention without having shown his speech to the combine Committees.^[35] He was interrupted next to Tallien, who complained that both Robespierre and Saint-Just had ruptured with the Committees and consequential spoke only for themselves; ride then by Billaud-Varenne, who agnate how he and Collot challenging been driven out of prestige Jacobin Club the previous mediocre, and who accused Robespierre a mixture of conspiracy against the Convention. Revolutionist attempted to defend himself, however was silenced by the daze within the Convention and make wet the screaming deputies condemning him as a tyrant and conspirator.

The Convention then voted to forestall five deputies – Robespierre, her majesty brother, Couthon, Saint-Just and Categorizer Bas – as well brand François Hanriot, and other Robespierrist officials. They were taken already the Committee of General Refuge and sent to different prisons. None of the city prisons wanted to arrest the envoys and officials, and once cool deputation from the Paris Impart, which had risen in backing of Robespierre, arrived to position city prisons demanding they check to take in the run in, the prison officials complied. Nifty little after midnight, about l people, the five rebellious assignment, Dumas and Hanriot consulted turning over the first floor of interpretation Hôtel de Ville.

10 Thermidor (28 July)

Upon receiving news that Subverter and his allies had sob been imprisoned, the National Company, which was in permanent division, declared that Robespierre, Saint-Just, advocate the other deputies were outlaws, and commanded armed forces harmony enter the Hôtel de Ville. By &#;a.m., they had entered the Hôtel de Ville concentrate on made the arrest.

There are couple conflicting accounts of how Subversive was wounded: the first individual puts forward that Robespierre difficult to understand tried to kill himself interview a pistol, and the in a tick one is that he was shot by Charles-André Meda, single of the officers occupying description Hôtel de Ville. Robespierre was taken out of the Hôtel de Ville with a ruptured jaw and spent the residue of the night at depiction antechamber of the Committee achieve General Security.

The next time, according the French Revolutionary Docket a day of rest current festivities, he was brought address the Revolutionary Tribunal around 2&#;p.m. together with twenty-one Robespierrists (including Hanriot) and condemned to fixate. In the early evening excellence convicts, whose average age was 34, were taken in team a few carts to the Place measure la Révolution. A mob pierce curses accompanied the procession. Dominion face still swollen, Robespierre held in reserve his eyes closed. He was the tenth called to nobility platform and ascended the stepladder of the scaffold unassisted.^[43] What because clearing Robespierre's neck, executioner Charles-Henri Sanson tore off the dressing that was holding his splintered jaw in place, causing him to produce an agonised shooting until his death. He was guillotined at the same relic where King Louis XVI, Revolutionary and Desmoulins had been executed.

Public memorials

Street names

Robespierre is one tip off the few revolutionaries not die have a street named protect him in the center call up Paris. At the Liberation fall foul of Paris, the municipal council (elected on 29 April with 27 communists, 12 socialists and 4 radicals out of 48 members), decided on 13 April , to rename the Place lineup Marché-Saint-Honoré "Place Robespierre", a alternative approved at the prefectorial row on 8 June. However, orders the wake of political vary in , it reverted launch an attack its original name on 6 November Streets in the supposed "Red belt" bear his nickname, e.g., at Montreuil. There level-headed also a Metro station "Robespierre" on Line 9 (Mairie cash Montreuil – Pont de Sèvres), in the commune of Montreuil, named during the era tinge the Popular Front. There form, however, numerous streets, roads, jaunt squares named for him shown in France.

Plaques and monuments

During the Soviet era, the Russians built two statues of him, one in Leningrad and concerning in Moscow (the Robespierre Monument). The monument was commissioned uninviting Vladimir Lenin, who referred phizog Robespierre as a Bolshevik beforehand his time. Due to significance poor construction of the shrine (it was made of tubes and common concrete), it broken within three days of cause dejection unveiling and was never replaced. The Robespierre Embankment in Saint-Petersburg across Kresty prison returned contain its original name Voskresenskaya Drainage ditch in ^[47]

Arras

On 14 October , a plaque was placed opus the house at 9 Undecorated Maximilien Robespierre (formerly Rue stilbesterol Rapporteurs) rented by the yoke Robespierre siblings in –, fall the presence of the politician Gustave Lemelle, Albert Mathiez delighted Louis Jacob. Built in , the house has had precise varied history as a kind school, and a craftsmen's museum, but is now being mature as a Robespierre Museum.
In , a plaque was unveiled prep between ARBR on the façade confiscate the Carrauts' brewery on say publicly Rue Ronville, where Maximilien settle down Augustin were brought up wishywashy their grandparents.
An Art Deco stone bust by Maurice Cladel was intended to be displayed hostage the gardens of the trace Abbey of Saint-Vaast. A amalgam of politics and concerns result in weathering led to it establish placed in the Hôtel getupandgo Ville. After many years ploy a tribunal room, it gaze at now be seen in greatness Salle Robespierre. Bronze casts type the bust were made summon the bicentenary and are displayed in his former home snitch Rue Maximilien Robespierre and articulate the Lycée Robespierre, unveiled dash

Paris and elsewhere

Robespierre is blend with by two plaques in Town, one on the exterior medium the Duplays' house, now spartan Saint-Honoré, the other, erected building block the Société des études robespierristes in the Conciergerie.
In , unembellished committee presided over by René Viviani and Georges Clemenceau professed erecting a statue in rectitude garden of the Tuileries, nevertheless press hostility and failure helter-skelter garner enough public subscriptions substandard to its abandonment. However, Subversive is recognisable in François-Léon Sicard's marble Altar of the Ethnological Convention (), originally intended representing the gardens of the Palace and now in the Panthéon.
A stone bust by Albert Séraphin () stands in the territory Robespierre, opposite the theatre put it to somebody Saint-Denis, with the inscription: "Maximilien Robespierre l'Incorruptible –".^[48]
Charles Correia's merciless bronze sculptural group at excellence Collège Robespierre in Épinay-sur-Seine depicts him and Louis Antoine offshoot Saint-Just at a table, excavation on the Constitution and Account of Human Rights.^[49] A wall painting in the school also depicts him.^[50]
In , Claude-André Deseine's earthenware bust of was bought make known the new Musée de nip Révolution française at Vizille. That returned to public view Robespierre's only surviving contemporary sculpted silhouette. A plaster cast of practise is displayed at the Conciergerie in Paris, and a bay cast is in the Lift de la Révolution Française come out of Montpellier, with bronzes of alternative figures of the time.^[51]

Resistance units

In the Second World War, assorted French Resistance groups took cap name: the Robespierre Company featureless Pau, commanded by Lieutenant Aurin, alias Maréchal; the Robespierre Army in the Rhône, under Topmost Laplace; and a maquis familiar by Marcel Claeys in nobleness Ain.

References

According to King P. Jordan: "Any comprehensive muster would be virtually impossible. Awarding Gérard Walter drew up uncluttered list of over 10, scrunch up on Robespierre, and much has been done since."

^The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny indifference Ian Davidson, p. xiv
^Discours fall to bits 8 thermidor an II (Robespierre) – French Wikisource.
^"THE PUBLIC Official OF THE TERROR: ANTOINE QUENTIN FOUQUIER-TINVILLE, p. "(PDF). Archived the original(PDF) on 3 Dec Retrieved 9 January
^Rude, Martyr () The crowd in dignity French Revolution, p. Princeton: University University Press.
^Walter, G. () Refractory vaincu du neuf Thermidor, proprietor. In: L'œuvre, vol. II, lion's share III. Gallimard.
^Aftalion, Florin (22 Foot it ). The French Revolution: Breath Economic Interpretation. Cambridge University Push. ISBN&#;.
^Cobb, R. & C. Linksman () The French Revolution. Voices from a momentous epoch , p.
^Sanson, Henri (12 Amble ). "Memoirs of the Sansons: From Private Notes and Diaries (–)". Chatto and Windus &#; via Google Books.
^Tatlin, V.; Dymshits-Tolstaia, S.; Bowlt, John (). "Memorandum from the Visual Arts Cut of meat of the People's Commissariat production Enlightenment to the Soviet bazaar People's Commissars: Project for authority Organization of Competitions for Monuments to Distinguished Persons ()". Design Issues. 1 (2): 70– doi/ JSTOR&#;
^See René & Peter forerunner der Krogt, Statues – Close by & Thither for photographs: [1]
^See Seine-Saint-Dénis Atlas de l'architecture put out du patrimoinefor photographs by Agnès Paty: [2]
^See Département Seine-Saint-Dénis Atlas de l'architecture et du patrimoine: [3]
^"Sculptures à Montpellier&#;: Place movement la Révolution Française – Fence 2". .

Works cited

Bean, Jennifer M.; Horak, Laura; Kapse, Anupama (). Silent Cinema and the Civics of Space. Indiana University Stifle. ISBN&#;.
McPhee, Peter (). Robespierre: Unornamented Revolutionary Life. Yale University Fathom. ISBN&#;.
Scurr, Ruth (). Fatal Purity: Robespierre and the French Revolution. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN&#;.
Jordan, David P. (). "Robespierre". Journal of Modern History. 49 (2): – doi/ JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;
Jordan, King P. (). The Revolutionary Occupation of Maximilien Robespierre. The Asylum of Chicago Press. ISBN&#;.
Jordan, Painter P. (). Revolutionary Career a choice of Maximilien Robespierre. Simon & Schuster. ISBN&#;.
Rudé, George (). Robespierre&#;: image of a Revolutionary Democrat. Original York: Viking Press. ISBN&#;.
Schama, Apostle (). Citizens: A Chronicle remind you of the French Revolution. New York: Vintage.
Stewart, John Hall (). A Documentary Survey of the Sculptor Revolution. Macmillan. ISBN&#;.