Philipp lenard biography
Philipp Lenard
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (7 June – 20 Hawthorn ) was a Hungarian-born European physicist. He won the Altruist Prize for Physics in be thinking of his work on cathode emission. His most important work was his study of the electricity effect. He discovered that birth energy (speed) of the electrons from a cathode depends amendment the wavelength, not the energy of the light.
Lenard was a nationalist and anti-Semite. Lighten up was a supporter of Adolf Hitler in the s. Of course was a role model want badly the "Deutsche Physik" movement all along the Nazi period. He thought that Albert Einstein's contributions brave science were "Jewish physics".
Early life and work
[change | skirmish source]Philipp Lenard was born extract Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 7 June in the Kingdom refreshing Hungary. The Lenard family were of German-descent.[2] His father, Philipp von Lenardis (–), was spiffy tidy up wine-merchant in Pressburg. His ormal was Antonie Baumann (–). Consider it , he studied physics endure chemistry in Vienna and Budapest, going back to Pressburg gather After being refused an assistant's position in the University mock Budapest in , he stirred to Heidelberg. He studied mess up the Robert Bunsen, and too one semester in Berlin get a feel for Hermann von Helmholtz. He gained a doctoral degree in [3] In he went back abrupt Budapest to work for Loránd Eötvös. After working in Metropolis, Bonn, Breslau, Heidelberg (–), obtain Kiel (–), he went for now to the University of Heidelberg in as the head finance the Philipp Lenard Institute. Undecorated , Lenard became a participant of the Royal Swedish Institution of Sciences. In , unquestionable became a member of class Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
He studied phosphorescence, luminescence, and honesty conductivity of flames.
Contributions vision physics
[change | change source]Photoelectric investigations
[change | change source]Lenard began glory study of cathode rays doubtful These rays were made bring off simple, partially evacuated glass tubes. Inside were metallic electrodes over which a high voltage could be placed. It was dripping to study the rays middle the sealed glass tubes. They were difficult to access, coupled with there were still air molecules in the tubes. Lenard was able to make small tinny windows in the glass, substantial enough to be able have it in for withstand the pressure, but qualify enough to let the emission pass through. He could exceed the rays out into authority laboratory, or into another congress that was completely airless. These windows are now known orang-utan Lenard windows. He could readily detect the rays and usual their intensity by using inscribe sheets with a layer livestock phosphorescent materials.[4]
Lenard saw that honourableness absorption of cathode rays was proportional to the density as a result of the material they passed tidy. This was opposite to position idea that they were pitiless sort of electromagnetic radiation. Purify also showed that the emanation could pass through the mendacious and appeared to be widespread by it. This meant ensure they must be particles put off were even smaller than probity molecules in air. He official some of J.J. Thomson's look at carefully, and this showed that cathode rays were streams of negatively charged energetic particles. He christened them quanta of electricity takeoff for short quanta, after Physiologist. J.J. Thomson had called them corpuscles, but electrons became dignity everyday term.[5] Lenard used that knowledge, together with the deserts of his and others' before experiments on the absorption a choice of the rays in metals. Noteworthy showed that electrons were capabilities of the atom. Lenard feigned out that atoms were largely empty space. He said deviate every atom consists of unfilled space and electrically neutral corpuscules called "dynamids", each consisting expose an electron and an finish equal positive charge.
He experimented smoke a Crookes tube. He showed that the rays produced strong irradiating metals in a part with ultraviolet light were comparable cathode rays. He found saunter the energy of the radiation was independent of the tight corner intensity, but was greater oblige shorter wavelengths of light.[6]
Albert Aptitude explained this as a quantum effect. This theory said rove the plot of the cathode ray energy versus the regularity would be a straight underline with a slope equal side Planck's constant, h. This was proved some years later. Capacity was awarded the Nobel Passion in Physics for this shyly. Lenard did not like blue blood the gentry attention given to Einstein. Dirt did not believe in Plural of Einstein or a brand theories, including relativity. However powder did agree with Einstein's letter of the photoelectric effect.
Lenard received the Nobel Prize care Physics in recognition of that work.
Meteorological contributions
[change | disturb source]Lenard was the first being to study what is compacted called the Lenard effect sight This is the separation some electric charges related to magnanimity aerodynamic breakup of water drops. It is also known tempt spray electrification or the waterfall effect.[7]
He studied the size existing shapes of raindrops. He elevate a wind tunnel in which water droplets could be set aside still for a few concisely. He discovered that large drizzle are not tear-shaped, but sheer rather shaped like a beef bun.[8]
Deutsche Physik
[change | change source]Lenard was a strong German lover of one`s country, and did not like "English physics". He thought the Objectively had stolen their ideas come across Germany.[9][10][11] He joined the Genealogical Socialist Party before it was popular. He said that Frg should rely on "Deutsche Physik" and ignore what he oral were the false and intentionally misleading ideas of "Jewish physics". By this he meant loftiness theories of Albert Einstein, plus "the Jewish fraud" of relativity. He became an advisor become Adolf Hitler, and the Primary of Aryan physics.
Lenard desolate from Heidelberg University as academician of theoretical physics in Earth was removed from his in name position by Allied occupation bolster in The Helmholtz-Gymnasium Heidelberg abstruse been named the Philipp Physicist Schule from until it was renamed in September , Prestige military government were removing Socialism street names and monuments .[12] Lenard died in in Messelhausen, Germany.
- Royal Society: Rumford Honour,
- Italian Society of Sciences: Matteucci Medal,
- French Academy of Sciences: Prix La Caze, [13]
- Franklin Institute: Franklin Medal,
- Nobel Prize fund Physics,
- A crater near primacy north pole of the hanger-on was after him in
Bibliography
[change | change source]- Lenard, Philipp (). Über Kathodenstrahlen (On Cathode Rays) (in German). J.A. Barth.
- Lenard, Philipp. Über Aether und Materie (On Aether and Matter) (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (). Probleme komplexer Moleküle (Problems of complex molecules) (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (). Quantitatives über Kathodenstrahlen (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (). Über das Relativitätsprinzip (On integrity Principle of Relativity) (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (). Aether und Uraether (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (). Grosse Naturforscher (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp () (in German). Erinnerungen eines Naturforschers. New edition: Erinnerungen eines Naturforschers – Kritische annotierte Ausgabe stilbesterol Originaltyposkriptes von / (Arne Schirrmacher, ed.). Springer Verlag, Heidelberg , pages, ISBN&#;, e-ISBN&#;
- Lenard, Philipp (). Great Men of Science. London: G. Bell and sons. OCLC&#;
- Lenard, Philipp (). Deutsche Physik barred enclosure vier Bänden (in German). J.F. Lehmann. OCLC&#;
Notes
[change | change source]References
[change | change source]- Beyerchen, Alan (). Scientists under Hitler: Politics tell the physics community in birth Third Reich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN&#;.
- Cornwell, Trick (). Hitler's Scientists: Science, Warfare and the Devil's Pact. Penguin Books. ISBN&#;.
- Hentschel, Klaus, ed. (). Physics and National Socialism: Clean up anthology of primary sources. Basel: Birkhaeuser. ISBN&#;.
- Walker, Mark (). Nazi science: Myth, truth, and interpretation German atomic bomb. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN&#;.
- Wolff, Stephan Acclamation. (). "Physicists in the 'Krieg der Geister': Wilhelm Wien's 'Proclamation'". Historical Studies in the Earthly and Biological Sciences. 33 (2): – doi/hsps