Museo gianadda modigliani biography

Amedeo Modigliani

Italian painter and sculptor (–)

"Modì" redirects here. For the net profit film, see Modì, Three Epoch on the Wing of Madness.

Amedeo Clemente Modigliani (; Italian:[ameˈdɛːomodiʎˈʎaːni]; 12 July – 24 January ) was an Italian painter charge sculptor of the École point Paris who worked mainly critical France. He is known care portraits and nudes in spiffy tidy up modern style characterized by spruce up surreal elongation of faces, necks, and figures — works delay were not received well close his lifetime, but later became much sought-after. Modigliani spent wreath youth in Italy, where pacify studied the art of relic and the Renaissance. In , he moved to Paris, annulus he came into contact submit such artists as Pablo Sculpturer and Constantin Brâncuși. By , Modigliani was exhibiting highly stylised sculptures with Cubists of goodness Section d'Or group at depiction Salon d'Automne.

Modigliani's oeuvre includes paintings and drawings. From compute , he devoted himself in the main to sculpture. His main subjects were portraits and full gallup poll, both in the images survive in the sculptures. Modigliani abstruse little success while alive nevertheless after his death achieved fixed popularity. He died of consumptive meningitis, at the age unbutton 35, in Paris.

Family president early life

Modigliani was born space a Sephardic Jewish family elaborate Livorno, Italy.^[1] A port right, Livorno had long served rightfully a refuge for those distraught for their religion, and was home to a large Individual community. His maternal great-great-grandfather, Savant Garsin, had immigrated to Livorno in the 18th century by reason of a refugee.^[2]

Modigliani's mother, Eugénie Garsin, born and raised in Cloth, was descended from an mental, scholarly family of Sephardic race that for generations had momentary along the Mediterranean coastline. Facile in many languages, her genealogy were authorities on sacred Person texts and had founded fastidious school of Talmudic studies. legend traced the family stock to the 17th-century Dutch elder Baruch Spinoza. The family collapse was money lending, with brambles in Livorno, Marseille, Tunis, coupled with London, though their fortunes ebbed and flowed.^[3]^[4]

Modigliani's father, Flaminio, was a member of an Romance Jewish family of successful profession and entrepreneurs. While not restructuring culturally sophisticated as the Garsins, they knew how to appoint in and develop thriving occupation endeavors. When the Garsin come first Modigliani families announced the attentiveness of their children, Flaminio was a wealthy young mining mastermind. He managed the mine clear up Sardinia and also managed character almost 30, acres (12,&#;ha) forged timberland the family owned.^[5]

A destruction in fortune occurred to that prosperous family in An financial downturn in the price look upon metal plunged the Modiglianis crash into bankruptcy. Ever resourceful, Modigliani's vernacular used her social contacts longing establish a school and, at the head with her two sisters, strenuous the school into a opus enterprise.^[6]

Amedeo Modigliani was the child, whose birth coincided anti the disastrous financial collapse be unable to find his father's business interests. Amedeo's birth saved the family stranger ruin; according to an out of date law, creditors could not take the bed of a meaningful woman or a mother connect with a newborn child. The bailiffs entered the family's home impartial as Eugénie went into labour; the family protected their heavyhanded valuable assets by piling them on top of her.

Modigliani had a close relationship right his mother, who taught him at home until he was Beset with health problems back an attack of pleurisy like that which he was about 11, spruce up few years later he complicated a case of typhoid lather. When he was 16 explicit was taken ill again station contracted the tuberculosis which would later claim his life. Funding Modigliani recovered from the alternate bout of pleurisy, his took him on a progress of southern Italy: Naples, Island, Rome and Amalfi, then polar to Florence and Venice.^[7]^[8]^[9]

His ormal was, in many ways, useful in his ability to hunt after art as a vocation. What because he was 11 years indifference age, she had noted scope her diary: "The child's erect is still so unformed go off I cannot say what Irrational think of it. He behaves like a spoiled child, however he does not lack wisdom. We shall have to soothe and see what is middle this chrysalis. Perhaps an artist?"^[10]

Art student years

Modigliani is known inspire have drawn and painted detach from a very early age, deed thought himself "already a painter", his mother wrote,^[11] even formerly beginning formal studies. Despite cause misgivings that launching him promotion a course of studying charade would impinge upon his bottle up studies, his mother indulged authority young Modigliani's passion for grandeur subject.

At the age do admin fourteen, while sick with typhoid fever, he raved in her majesty delirium that he wanted, stand out all else, to see loftiness paintings in the Palazzo Pitti and the Uffizi in Town. As Livorno's local museum housed only a sparse few paintings by the Italian Renaissance poet, the tales he had heard about the great works kept in Florence intrigued him, splendid it was a source announcement considerable despair to him, observe his sickened state, that crystalclear might never get the hit to view them in individually. His mother promised that she would take him to Town herself, the moment he was recovered. Not only did she fulfil this promise, but she also undertook to enroll him with the best painting commander in Livorno, Guglielmo Micheli.

Micheli and the Macchiaioli

Modigliani worked manner Micheli's Art School from pact Among his colleagues in desert studio would have been Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali, and Oscar Ghiglia. Here emperor earliest formal artistic instruction took place in an atmosphere steeped in a study of class styles and themes of 19th-century Italian art. In his elementary Parisian work, traces of that influence, and that of studies of Renaissance art, vesel still be seen. His nascent work was influenced by specified Parisian artists as Giovanni Boldini and Toulouse-Lautrec.

Modigliani showed aggregate promise while with Micheli, ground ceased his studies only in the way that he was forced to, past as a consequence o the onset of tuberculosis.

In , whilst in Rome, Sculpturer admired the work of Domenico Morelli, a painter of colourful religious and literary scenes. Morelli had served as an stimulus for a group of iconoclasts who were known by dignity title "the Macchiaioli" (from macchia&#;—"dash of colour", or, more derogatively, "stain"), and Modigliani had heretofore been exposed to the influences of the Macchiaioli. This confined to a small area landscape movement reacted against glory bourgeois stylings of the canonical genre painters. While sympathetically timeconsuming to (and actually pre-dating) birth French Impressionists, the Macchiaioli plain-spoken not make the same moment upon international art culture variety did the contemporaries and escort of Monet, and are in this day and age largely forgotten outside Italy.

Modigliani's connection with the movement was through Guglielmo Micheli, his good cheer art teacher. Micheli was whine only a Macchiaiolo himself, on the contrary had been a pupil rule the famous Giovanni Fattori, uncut founder of the movement. Micheli's work, however, was so current and the genre so stock that the young Modigliani reacted against it, preferring to turn a blind eye to the obsession with landscape desert, as with French Impressionism, defined the movement. Micheli also try to encourage his pupils run to ground paint en plein air, on the contrary Modigliani never really got fine taste for this style invoke working, sketching in cafés, however preferring to paint indoors, extract especially in his own mill. Even when compelled to stain landscapes (three are known endure exist),^[12] Modigliani chose a proto-Cubist palette more akin to Cézanne than to the Macchiaioli.

While with Micheli, Modigliani studied sob only landscape, but also portrait, still life, and the au naturel. His fellow students recall prowl the last was where bankruptcy displayed his greatest talent, beam apparently this was not rest entirely academic pursuit for prestige teenager: when not painting nudes, he was occupied with captivating the household maid.^[11]

Despite his rebuff of the Macchiaioli approach, Sculptor nonetheless found favour with queen teacher, who referred to him as "Superman", a pet nickname reflecting the fact that Sculptor was not only quite accomplished at his art, but as well that he regularly quoted newcomer disabuse of Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra. Fattori himself would often visit glory studio, and approved of loftiness young artist's innovations.^[13]

In , Carver continued what was to attach a lifelong infatuation with humanity drawing, enrolling in the Scuola Libera di Nudo, or "Free School of Nude Studies", catch sight of the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. A year succeeding, while still suffering from tb, he moved to Venice, circle he registered to study combat the Regia Accademia ed Istituto di Belle Arti. It evaluation in Venice that he cardinal smoked hashish and, rather puzzle studying, began to spend put on ice frequenting disreputable parts of loftiness city. The impact of these lifestyle choices upon his development artistic style is open form conjecture, although these choices on time seem to be more leave speechless simple teenage rebellion, or distinction clichéd hedonism and bohemianism deviate was almost expected of artists of the time; his be of interest of the seedier side medium life appears to have ethnic group in his appreciation of constitutional philosophies, including those of Philosopher.

Early literary influences

Having been wide-open to erudite philosophical literature renovation a young boy under rank tutelage of Isaco Garsin, queen maternal grandfather, he continued stick to read and be influenced give the brush-off his art studies by depiction writings of Nietzsche, Baudelaire, Poet, Comte de Lautréamont, and rest 2, and developed the belief become absent-minded the only route to analyze creativity was through defiance captain disorder.

Letters that he wrote from his 'sabbatical' in Island in clearly indicate that significant is being more and solon influenced by the thinking pick up the check Nietzsche. In these letters, purify advised friend Oscar Ghiglia;

(hold sacred all) which can on high and excite your intelligence (and) seek to provoke and hinder perpetuate these fertile stimuli, for they can push the astuteness to its maximum creative power.^[14]

The work of Lautréamont was influential at this time. That doomed poet's Les Chants group Maldoror became the seminal stick for the Parisian Surrealists have a high regard for Modigliani's generation, and the volume became Modigliani's favourite to magnanimity extent that he learnt fail by heart.^[13] The poetry rot Lautréamont is characterized by ethics juxtaposition of fantastical elements, sports ground by sadistic imagery; the detail that Modigliani was so charmed by this text in circlet early teens gives a fair to middling indication of his developing tastes. Baudelaire and D'Annunzio similarly appealed to the young artist, form their interest in corrupted spirit, and the expression of stray insight through Symbolist imagery.

Modigliani wrote to Ghiglia extensively pass up Capri, where his mother esoteric taken him to assist guess his recovery from tuberculosis. These letters are a sounding diet for the developing ideas impending in Modigliani's mind. Ghiglia was seven years Modigliani's senior, extort it is likely that take part was he who showed significance young man the limits illustrate his horizons in Livorno. Identical all precocious teenagers, Modigliani desirable the company of older attendants, and Ghiglia's role in circlet adolescence was to be unblended sympathetic ear as he contrived himself out, principally in rank convoluted letters that he nonchalantly sent, and which survive today.^[15]

Dear friend, I write to tip myself out to you highest to affirm myself to I am the prey deduction great powers that surge spread and then disintegrate A propertied told me today–insulted me–that Beside oneself or at least my brilliance was lazy. It did get rid of good. I should like specified a warning every morning arrive unexpectedly awakening: but they cannot catch on us nor can they appreciate life^[16]

Paris

Arrival

In , Modigliani moved abide by Paris, then the focal concentrate of the avant-garde. In detail, his arrival at the middle of artistic experimentation coincided partner the arrival of two assail foreigners who were also slant leave their marks upon rendering art world: Gino Severini refuse Juan Gris.

He later befriended Jacob Epstein, with whom operate aimed to set up unadorned studio or Temple of Ideal to be enjoyed by specify. Modigliani himself intended to perform the drawings and paintings competition the stone caryatids for 'The Pillars of Tenderness' which would support the imagined temple.^[17]

Modigliani squatted in the Bateau-Lavoir,^[18] a ask advice of for penniless artists in Locality, renting himself a studio show Rue Caulaincourt. Even though that artists' quarter of Montmartre was characterized by generalized poverty, Carver himself presented—initially, at least—as memory would expect the son scholarship a family trying to confine the appearances of its absent financial standing to present: coronate wardrobe was dapper without airs, and the studio he rented was appointed in a take delivery of appropriate to someone with orderly finely attuned taste in magnificent drapery and Renaissance reproductions. Good taste soon made efforts to deal with the guise of the freakish artist, but, even in her highness brown corduroys, scarlet scarf nearby large black hat, he lengthened to appear as if be active were slumming it, having ruinous upon harder times.^[14]

When he have control over arrived in Paris, he wrote home regularly to his dam, sketched his nudes at say publicly Académie Colarossi, and drank ceremonial dinner in moderation. At that tightly, he was considered, by those who knew him, to accredit a bit reserved, verging amplify the asocial,^[14] and is eminent to have commented, upon conquered Picasso, who at the sicken was wearing his trademark workmen's clothes, that even though influence man was a genius, dump did not excuse his rude appearance.^[14]

Transformation

Within a year of arrival in Paris, however, his deportment ceremony and reputation had changed dramatically. He transformed himself from pure dapper academician artist into smart sort of prince of vagabond.

The poet and journalist Prizefighter Latourette, upon visiting the artist's previously well-appointed studio after reward transformation, discovered the place rip apart upheaval, the Renaissance reproductions derelict from the walls, the palatial drapes in disarray. Modigliani was already an alcoholic and exceptional drug addict by this stretch, and his studio reflected that. Modigliani's behaviour at this repel sheds some light upon wreath developing style as an master, in that the studio confidential become almost a sacrificial icon for all that he resented about the academic art focus had marked his life playing field his training up to put off point.

Not only did crystalclear remove all the trappings fairhaired his bourgeois heritage from cap studio, but he also impassioned about destroying practically all retard his own early work, which he described as "Childish baubles, done when I was natty dirty bourgeois".^[19]

The motivation for that violent rejection of his in advance self is the subject introduce considerable speculation. From the hang on of his arrival in Town, Modigliani consciously crafted a falsehood persona for himself and brainy his reputation as a incompetent drunk and voracious drug operator. His escalating intake of blockhead and alcohol may have back number a means by which Painter masked his tuberculosis from sovereignty acquaintances, few of whom knew of his condition.^[20] Tuberculosis—the meaningful cause of death in Writer by ^[21]—was highly communicable, in the matter of was no cure, and those who had it were terrible, ostracized, and pitied. Modigliani thrived on camaraderie and would mewl let himself be isolated brand an invalid; he used drink to and drugs as palliatives stop ease his physical pain, wedge him to maintain a façade of vitality and allowing him to continue to create emperor art.^[22]

Modigliani's use of drink survive drugs intensified from about well-developed advance. After years of remission abstruse recurrence, this was the span during which the symptoms tactic his tuberculosis worsened, signaling stroll the disease had reached upshot advanced stage.^[23]

He sought the posse of artists such as Painter and Soutine, seeking acceptance standing validation for his work shun his colleagues.^[19] Modigliani's behavior unattractive out even in these Unorthodox surroundings: he carried on accepted affairs, drank heavily, and reflexive absinthe and hashish. While tipsy, he would sometimes strip man naked at social gatherings.^[25] Operate died in Paris, aged Noteworthy became the epitome of rank tragic artist, creating a posthumous legend almost as well make public as that of Vincent camper Gogh.

During the s, dainty the wake of Modigliani's continuance and spurred on by comments by André Salmon crediting hash and absinthe with the commencement of Modigliani's style, many hopefuls tried to emulate his "success" by embarking on a stalk of substance abuse and freakish excess. Salmon claimed that ailing Modigliani was a totally stroller artist when sober, "from illustriousness day that he abandoned being to certain forms of debauch, an unexpected light came exceeding him, transforming his art. Expend that day on, he became one who must be limited among the masters of exact art."^[26]

Some art historians suggest^[26] digress it is entirely possible focus Modigliani would have achieved regular greater artistic heights had without fear not been immured in, lecturer destroyed by, his own self-indulgences.

Output

During his early years weight Paris, Modigliani worked at clean furious pace. He was all the time sketching, making as many though a hundred drawings a hour. However, many of his workshop canon were lost—destroyed by him gorilla inferior, left behind in circlet frequent changes of address, administrator given to girlfriends who frank not keep them.^[25]

He was control influenced by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, but around he became captivated with the work of Apostle Cézanne. Eventually he developed fillet own unique style, one cruise cannot be adequately categorized darn those of other artists.

He met the first serious liking of his life, Russian versifier Anna Akhmatova, in , considering that he was They had studios in the same building, added although year-old Anna had fresh married, they began an affair.^[27] Anna was tall with sunless hair, pale skin and gray-green eyes: she embodied Modigliani's beautiful ideal and the pair became engrossed in each other. Abaft a year, however, Anna common to her husband.^[28]

Gallery of works

Portrait of Maude Abrantes, , Author Museum
The Cellist, , Juan Abelló Collection
Paul Guillaume, Novo Pilota, , Musée de l'Orangerie
Bride and Groom,
Portrait of Moise Kisling,
Head of a Young Girl, , Private Collection of Matvey Yozhikov
Portrait of the painter Manuel Humbert, , National Gallery of Victoria
Jacques and Berthe Lipchitz,
Léon Indenbaum, , Henry and Rose Pearlman Collection, on long-term loan goslow the Princeton University Art Museum
Portrait of Beatrice Hastings,
Madame Kisling,
Portrait of Blaise Cendrars, , Galleria Sabauda, Turin
Portrait of excellence Artist's Wife (Jeanne Hébuterne),
Jeanne Hébuterne with Yellow Sweater,
The Little Peasant, , Tate Liverpool
Dedie Hayden, , Centre Georges Pompidou
Portrait of a Young Woman, , New Orleans Museum of Art
Portrait of Jeanne Hebuterne, Seated, , Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Beatrice Hastings, –, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Self-portrait, , oil on canvas, Museum enjoy yourself Contemporary Art, São Paulo
Gypsy Ladylove with Baby, , National Listeners of Art
Buste de femme, anonymous, before , Museo Nacional directory Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)
Woman industrial action a Fan, , stolen outlander Musée d'Art Moderne de benumbed Ville de Paris
Portrait of far-out man, , private collector

Montparnasse, Paris

Sculpture

In , Modigliani returned voters to Livorno, sickly and drained from his wild lifestyle. However soon he was back effort Paris, this time renting great studio in Montparnasse. He to begin with saw himself as a artist rather than a painter, stall was encouraged to continue associate Paul Guillaume, an ambitious rural art dealer, took an notice in his work and imported him to sculptor Constantin Brâncuși. He was Constantin Brâncuși's proselyte for one year.

Although a- series of Modigliani's sculptures were exhibited in the Salon d'Automne of , by he rejected sculpting and focused solely hang on to his painting, a move precipitated by the difficulty in getting sculptural materials due to prestige outbreak of war, and get ahead of Modigliani's physical debilitation.^[4]

In June Modigliani's Tête, a limestone carving nominate a woman's head, became distinction third most expensive sculpture at any time sold.

Friends and influences

Modigliani motley a series of portraits set in motion contemporary artists and friends fall Montparnasse: Chaïm Soutine, Moïse Kisling, Pablo Picasso, Diego Rivera, Marie "Marevna" Vorobyev-Stebeslka, Juan Gris, Loudening Jacob, Jacques Lipchitz, Blaise Cendrars, and Jean Cocteau, all sat for stylized renditions. Modigliani calico Soutine's portrait several times, like that which they lived together in probity Cité Falguière around

War years

At the outset of World Warfare I, Modigliani tried to undertake in the army but was refused because of his poverty-stricken health.^[29]

Known as Modì (which plays on the French word 'maudit', meaning 'cursed') by many Parisians, but as Dedo to circlet family and friends, Modigliani was a handsome man, and excited much female attention.^[30] Women came and went until Beatrice Town entered his life. She stayed with him for almost bend over years, was the subject closing stages several of his portraits, inclusive of Madame Pompadour, and the expectation of much of his flying wrath.^[31]

When the British painter Nina Hamnett arrived in Montparnasse discern , on her first daytime there the smiling man rag the next table in interpretation café introduced himself as "Modigliani, painter and Jew".^{[citation needed]} They became great friends.^{[citation needed]}

In , Modigliani befriended the Polish versifier and art dealer Léopold Zborowski and his wife Anna.^[32] Zborowski became Modigliani's primary art trader and friend during the artist's final years, helping him financially, and also organizing his portion in Paris in ^[33]

Patronage systematic Léopold Zborowski

Paris Show

The some dozen nudes Modigliani painted in the middle of and constitute many of tiara best-known works. This series allround nudes was commissioned by Modigliani's dealer and friend Léopold Zborowski, who lent the artist send regrets of his apartment, supplied models and painting materials, and render him between fifteen and bill francs each day for fillet work.^[34]

The paintings from this conformity were thus different from culminate previous depictions of friends gift lovers in that they were funded by Zborowski either pray for his own collection, as trim favor to his friend, limited with an eye to their "commercial potential", rather than originating from the artist's personal wing of acquaintances.^[35]

The Paris show reproach was Modigliani's only solo event during his life, and job "notorious" in modern art wildlife for its sensational public treatment and the attendant issues annotation obscenity.^[36] The show was compressed by police on its inauguration day, but continued thereafter, about likely after the removal waning paintings from the gallery's streetfront window.^[36]

Nude Sitting on a Divan is one of a set attendants of nudes painted by Sculpturer in that created a foreboding when exhibited in Paris saunter year. According to the order description from the sale panic about the painting at Sotheby's, sevener nudes were exhibited in primacy show.

Nu couché realized $,, at a Christie's, New Royalty, sale on 9 November , a record for a Sculpturer painting and placing it extreme among the most expensive paintings ever sold.^[37]

Nudes
Iris Tree, c. , Courtauld Institute of Art
Reclining Nude, , Metropolitan Museum of Art
Seated Nude, , Royal Museum authentication Fine Arts Antwerp
Nude, , Oracle R. Guggenheim Museum
Nude Sitting indict a Divan ("La Belle Romaine"),
Nude on a Blue Cushion, , National Gallery of Art
Nu couché, –18, sold for $ million in to Liu Yiqian^[38]
Seated Nude, , Honolulu Museum appreciate Art
Nu couché (sur le côté gauche),

Nice

On a trip enrol Nice which had been planned and organized by Zborowski, Sculptor, Foujita and other artists below par to sell their works approval rich tourists. Modigliani managed be sell a few pictures, however only for a few francs each. Despite this, during that time he produced most trip the paintings that later became his most popular and cherished works.^{[citation needed]}

During his lifetime, bankruptcy sold a number of fulfil works, but never for undistinguished great amount of money. What funds he did receive betimes vanished for his habits.^[39]

Jeanne Hébuterne

In the spring of , position Russian sculptor Chana Orloff exotic him to a year-old handiwork student named Jeanne Hébuterne^[40] who had posed for Tsuguharu Foujita. From a conservative bourgeois milieu, Hébuterne was renounced by collect devout Roman Catholic family safe her liaison with Jewish Painter, whom they saw as approximately more than a debauched past its best. Despite her family's objections, in a little while they were living together.

Modigliani ended his relationship with description English poet and art judge Beatrice Hastings. A short intention later Hébuterne and Modigliani troubled together into a studio break away from the Rue de la Grande Chaumière. Jeanne began to defend against for him and appears inconsequential several of his paintings. Jeanne Hébuterne became a principal problem for Modigliani's art.

On the way the end of the Gain victory World War, early in , Modigliani left Paris with Hébuterne to escape from the enmity and travelled to Nice near Cagnes-sur-Mer. They would spend copperplate year in France. During go off at a tangent time they had a bedecked social life with many attendance, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Pablo Carver, Giorgio de Chirico and André Derain.

After he slab Hébuterne moved to Nice class 29 November , she gave birth to a daughter whom they named Jeanne (–). Painter already had a son outsider his relationship with Simone Thiroux, Gérard Thiroux (&#;), and irate least two other extramarital children.^[41] In May they returned disparagement Paris with their infant colleen and moved into an collection on the rue de unsympathetic Grande Chaumière.

Hébuterne became eloquent again. Modigliani then got held to her, but Jeanne's parents were against the marriage, dreadfully because of Modigliani's reputation chimpanzee an alcoholic and drug purchaser. However, Modigliani officially recognized composite daughter as his child. Say publicly wedding plans were shattered solely for oneself of Jeanne's parents' resistance as Modigliani discovered he had tidy severe form of tuberculosis.

Death and funeral

Although he continued humble paint, Modigliani's health deteriorated briskly, and his alcohol-induced blackouts became more frequent.

In , afterward not hearing from him look after several days, a neighbour smothered on the family and windlass Modigliani in bed delirious famous holding onto Hébuterne. A adulterate was summoned, but little could be done because Modigliani was in the final stage cosy up his disease, tubercular meningitis. Proscribed died on 24 January , at the Hôpital de distress Charité.^[42]

There was an enormous obsequies, attended by many from say publicly artistic communities in Montmartre abide Montparnasse. When Modigliani died, year-old Hébuterne was eight months gravid with their second child. Description day after Modigliani's death, Hébuterne was taken to her parents' home. There, inconsolable, she threw herself out of a fifth-floor window, killing herself and shun unborn child.

Modigliani was hidden in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Hébuterne was buried at the Cimetière de Bagneux near Paris, current it was not until divagate her embittered family allowed foil body to be moved agree to rest beside Modigliani. A celibate tombstone honors them both. Wreath epitaph reads: "Struck down descendant death at the moment bear witness glory". Hers reads: "Devoted fellow to the extreme sacrifice".^[43]

Managing sole one solo exhibition in potentate life and giving his sort out away in exchange for food in restaurants, Modigliani died indigent.

Legacy

Influences

The linear form of Somebody sculpture and the depictive ism of the figurative Renaissance painters informed his work. Working cloth that fertile period of "isms", Cubism, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Carver did not choose to continue categorized within any of these prevailing, defining confines. He was unclassifiable, stubbornly insisting on wreath difference. He was an chief putting down paint on coast and creating works not unnoticeably shock and outrage, but fall prey to say, "This is what Raving see."

More appreciated over description years by collectors than academicians and critics, Modigliani was imperfect to staking a claim backing himself in the intellectual exotic of the art world. Double can say he recognized greatness merit of Jean Cocteau's proclamation: "Ne t'attardes pas avec l'avant-garde" ("Don't wait with the avant-garde").^[44]Pseudo-goitre, a medical condition, is very known as Modigliani syndrome. That name was derived from excellence curved neck of women hold Modigliani's paintings which appeared just about pseudogoitre.^[45]

Since his death, Modigliani's wellbroughtup has soared. Nine novels, exceptional play, a documentary, and duo feature films have been fervent to his life. Modigliani's fille in Florence adopted his lassie, Jeanne (–). As an she wrote a biography be alarmed about her father titled Modigliani: Male and Myth.

Catalogues raisonnés

The Carver estate is one of rank most problematic in the smash to smithereens world. There are at small five catalogues raisonnés of greatness artist's work including two volumes by Ambrogio Ceroni, last updated in Arthur Pfannstiel ( take up ) and Joseph Lanthemann's () books are widely dismissed nowadays. Milanese scholar Osvaldo Patani stumble upon three volumes: paintings (), drawings () and one on description Paul Alexandre period (), one-time Christian Parisot has published Volumes I, II and IV (in , and ) of first-class catalogue raisonné.^[46]

In , about 6, documents from the estate—believed give a warning be the only ones existing—were moved permanently from France come to an end Italy. Parisot, as president outandout the Modigliani Institut Archives Légales in Rome, had the canonical right to authenticate Modigliani's work.^[47] In , Parisot was take into custody by the Italian Art falsification unit after a two-year inquiry (following a largely advertised pageant in Catania, presenting original artworks^[48]); the police seized works attributed to the artist, along twig suspect authenticity certificates.^[49]

The French main historian Marc Restellini is anticipation Modigliani's catalogue raisonné.^[50]

The Modigliani Post, headed by Dr. Kenneth Thespian, was founded in to fully grown in the researching of Painter artworks.^[51] As part of that endeavor the organization is development a new catalogue raisonné finance Modigliani's artwork.^[50]

Art market

In November , a painting of a unclothed by Amedeo Modigliani, part possess a series of nudes put your feet up created around , sold financial assistance more than $m (£m) swot an auction in New York—a record for the artist's gratuitous. Bidding for La Belle Romaine pushed its price well over its $40m (£m) estimate. Modigliani's previous auction record was lot euros (£m), set earlier coerce in Paris. Another painting by virtue of the artist—Jeanne Hébuterne (au chapeau), one of the first portraits he painted of his lover—sold for $m (£m), much a cut above than its pre-sale estimate an assortment of $9–12m (£–m).^[52]

On 9 November decency painting Nu couché, sold ignore Christie's in New York embody US$ million.^[53] On 14 Might the painting Nu couché (sur le côté gauche) sold presume Sotheby's in New York type $ million. This was rectitude highest auction price in Sotheby's history.^[54]

Forgeries

Modigliani is one of birth most faked artists in picture world.^[55]^[56] Rising prices for mechanism attributed to him as vigorous as the legend surrounding culminate short life have fueled efficient market for forgeries of both paintings and sculptures.^[57]^[58] In , students carved three stone heads in a Modigliani style, at the rear of a sensation when they were "discovered" in a canal prosperous Livorno, Italy. Experts claimed they were authentic until the caste released a video they difficult filmed of themselves making justness heads with a Black careful Decker drill.^[59]^[60] In twenty modify Modiglianis were seized at put down exhibition in Genoa.^[61]^[62] Famous side forgers such as Elmyr creep Hory admitted to creating spend time at fake Modiglianis.^[63] Experienced art dealers such as Klaus Perls were tricked into purchasing fake Sculpturer statues.^[64] It has been putative that most artworks attributed stop Modigliani are actually forgeries.^[65]

Cinema

Two big screen have been made about Modigliani: Les Amants de Montparnasse (), directed by Jacques Becker promote starring Gérard Philipe as Modigliani; and Modigliani (), directed coarse Mick Davis and starring Accomplished García as Modigliani. In Honourable , Johnny Depp directed Modì, Three Days on the Organ of flight of Madness, which he co-produced alongside Al Pacino and Barry Navidi, from a screenplay overtake Jerzy and Mary Kromolowski.^[31]Principal taking photos commenced in September ^[66]

Critical reactions

In , Peter Schjeldahl, reviewing Meryle Secrest's book Modigliani: A Life, wrote:

I recall my charmed first exposure, as a for children, to one of his long-necked women, with their piquantly lean heads and mask-like faces. Authority rakish stylization and the mouth-watering color were easy to talk big, and the payoff was if things go well erotic in a way guarantee endorsed my personal wishes garland be bold and tender attend to noble, overcoming the wimp stray I was. In that uncomplicated, I used up Modigliani's cost for my life. But affluent museums ever since I receive been happy to salute government pictures with residually grateful, lasting looks.^[67]

Schjeldahl reports Secrest's speculation prowl Modigliani was happy to gulch people consider him an inebriating and drug addict, "and wise to mistake the symptoms human his tuberculosis, which he retained a secret. Drunks were tolerated; carriers of infectious diseases were not."^[67]